We are witnessing the advent of personal manufacturing, where home users and small and medium enterprises manufacture products locally, at the point and time of need. The impressively fast adoption of these technologies indicates this approach to manufacturing can become a key enabler of the real-time economy of the future. In this paper, we contribute a secure and dependable infrastructure and architecture for that new paradigm. Our solution leverages physical limitations of the computational process into a defense strategy that makes distributed file storage and transfer highly secure. The main idea is to replace asymmetric or public-key encryption functions with an unkeyed, collision, second preimage, and preimage resistant cryptographic hash function. Such a cryptosystem does not have an inverse function H-1. We challenge each block hash against the full hash table to recreate the original message. To illustrate the approach, we describe secured protocols that provide a number of desirable properties during both data storage and streaming. Similar to proof-of-work blockchain consensus algorithms, we parameterized the solution based on the amount of infrastructure available. Experiments show the proposed method can recalculate hashes for a 3-dimensional live matrix of 256 3 at an average of 14 revisions per second, and one revision every 5 minutes for a bigger matrix of 4096 3. The increase in cloud infrastructure cost is insignificant compared to the level of protection offered. INDEX TERMS Communication system security, computer aided manufacturing, content distribution networks, data security, data storage systems, distributed computing, information security, intelligent manufacturing systems, technology social factors, virtual manufacturing.

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Recently, we have witnessed the advent of personal manufacturing, where home users, small, medium, and Fortune 500 enterprises use devices such as 3D printers, CNC mills, and robotics to manufacture products locally. We have been developing a digital ecosystem of personal manufacturing for the last seven years. This ecosystem is currently used or being tried by 111 Fortune 2000 enterprises. In this paper, we focus on the creation of the cloud-based manufacturing operating system, 3DPrinterOS, to address an evolving critical problem of personal manufacturing. We introduce a novel software ecosystem architecture to sustain a massive communication load of command, control, and telemetry data to and from millions of manufacturing machines and users. Our solution allows users to create and deploy their own applications into 3DPrinterOS cloud operating system. Our long term experiments show that over the last five years, 95, 000 users have generated over three million CAD designs and machine codes, and produced more than 1, 030, 000 physical parts on 32, 000 manufacturing machines in 100 countries. Short term experiments showed that, on average, it is five times faster to perform a 3D print using 3DPrinterOS. CCS CONCEPTS • Applied computing → Enterprise computing infrastructures; • Computer systems organization → Cloud computing; • General and reference → Experimentation; • Information systems → Enterprise applications.