Purpose: This research is intended to determine the influence of communication structure on employee performance in selected large manufacturing businesses in Eritrea. Manufacturing organizations, particularly the manufacturing businesses in Eritrea, face challenges in terms of increasing productivity. Having suitable communication structure can play a role and supports employees to achieve the required level of performance in the manufacturing businesses. Methodology: The study used a quantitative research design to obtain a quantitative data. The target population for this study was employees of the selected large manufacturing businesses in Eritrea with a population size of 4175 employees. The sample size considered in this study was 365 employees, which was statistically determined using Taro Yamane formula. They were selected from each selected large manufacturing businesses using proportionately stratified random sampling technique. Data was then collected using questionnaire and analyzed using both the descriptive analysis (percentage) and inferential statistical analysis (correlation, regression and ANOVA) methods. SPSS as a tool was used to conduct the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The analyzed data was then presented in tabular form and interpreted statistically.  Findings: The study finding indicate that there was a significant positive relationship between communication structure and employee performance. The study concluded that communication structure did have influence on employee performance in the selected large manufacturing businesses in Eritrea. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Organizational communication as a field is gaining interests in the scientific/academic community because it is very essential in all dimensions of organization’s performance. So, as this study shown that communication structure has a direct influence on employee performance in selected large manufacturing businesses in Eritrea, it has a contribution to the theoretical concepts on the field of communication and can be used as a base for further study/research. Also, the study noted that since communication structure determines the flow of information in an organization, effective communication structure is a prerequisite for improved employee performance. Thus, this study revealed that it is important to have a relevant communication policy that address to have effective communication structure through which effective information flows achieved and thus ensures improved employee performance in manufacturing sectors.

Purpose: To establish the influence of Television’s celebrity endorsement advertisement technique on sports gambling behaviour among the university students in Kenya. Methodology: This study employed mixed method design. In this case, convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed to evaluate the effects of Television’s celebrity endorsement advertisements on sports gambling behaviour among the university students in Nairobi County, Kenya. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected at the same time after which the findings were integrated with an aim of generating overall results. Descriptive survey strategy was also used in the study. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.  Diagnostic test was first done to ascertain if the data used were normally distributed. As for this case, the following tests were conducted; skewness and kurtosis, histogram and normality plot curve, Kolmogorov Smirnov and Sharpiro Wilk test and Q-Q plot. Other tests included outlier test, collinearity diagnostics, correlation analysis, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity/ homoscedasticity and linearity test. The relationship between the variables was determined using a regression model. Findings: This study found out that there was a significant relationship between Celebrity endorsement and sports gambling behaviour among the university students in Nairobi County. In summary, technique of celebrity endorsement in television’s gambling advertisements had a positive influence in gambling activities among university students in Nairobi County. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was embedded on the theory of planned behaviour. The core assumption of the theory is that there is a connection between beliefs and behaviour.  In this case, the intention for a behaviour intent is influenced by three issues namely; assessment of the behaviour, apparent social pressure to perform or ignore a behaviour and the perceived degree of personal privilege concerning the behaviour (Dawkins and Frass, 2005). On its contribution to practice, the study calls on the universities to come up with proper sensitization programs to prevent the students from addictive gambling. The study further recommends that proper policy should be put in place by advertisers to provide clear messages on the dangers associated with addictive sports gambling. The overall findings will help policy makers to formulate policies that will control betting activities in the country.

Purpose: To establish the influence of television’s testimonial advertisement technique on sports betting among the university students in Kenya. Methodology: The study used a mixed method design.  In this case a convergent parallel mixed methods design was used to ascertain the relationship between testimonial advertising and sports betting among the university students in Kenya. Piloting was done to check on validity and reliability of the data collected. This was then followed by data collection where the collected data was subjected to diagnostic test to check if the data were normally distributed.  Descriptive survey and inferential statistics were used in the analysis. The regression model was used to find out the correlation between testimonial advertising technique and sports betting among university students in Kenya. Findings: This study found out that there was a positive influence of testimonial advertising on sports betting among university students in Kenya. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study was grounded on elaboration likelihood model (ELM). This model was developed by Petty et al. (1983). The core assumption of the model is that in communication, there are two routes namely; central route and peripheral route (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986). The study thus recommends that proper policies should be enacted to regulate betting advertisements in Kenya. On its contribution to practice, the study calls on the universities to come up with alternative activities that the students can engage in during leisure time to prevent them from sports betting. In addition, policy makers should consider implementing laws to control betting activities in the country. Consequently, the advertisers should remind the public that betting can be additive thus they should bet responsively.

Communication is becoming an important factor for the overall functioning and success of an organization (Rajhans, 2012). There is no organization without communication (Spaho, 2011). It is therefore that employees of the manufacturing businesses would have to communicate among each other in order to exchange the needed information that is pertinent to their specific work so that they can achieve the desired level of performance. However, in order to achieve the required level of performance, the communication among employees should be so effective because employee performance couldn't be enhanced without effective communication or interactions with one another in manufacturing businesses (Nwata, Umoh & Amah, 2016). One of the elements of communication that promote or hinder to have effective communication is the communication climate of an organization. As Pace (as cited in Nordin, Sivapalan, Bhattacharyya, Hashim, Wan Ahmad& Abdullah, 2014) stated that communication climate is conceptually consisting of employees' perceptions of the information flow and the climate in which the communication occurs. This implies that communication climate can determine the flow or exchange of the required and pertinent information among employees. This is because, according to Poole (as cited in Ahsanul, 2013), communication climate links the organizational context to the concepts, feelings, and expectations of members of an organization and helps explain the behavior of the organization's members. It is therefore that through knowing about the climate of an organization, employees can better understand what impels organization members to behave in particular

Introduction Communication is the most important aspect of an organization. It is thus, there is no organization, including the manufacturing businesses, without communication (Spaho, 2011). Employees of an organization communicate among each other in order to exchange the relevant and pertinent information that enable them to carry out their duties and achieve their given tasks as required. It is therefore that communication is becoming an important factor for the overall functioning and success of an organization (Rajhans, 2012).However, there are patterns in which information flows within an organization. Employees send and receive information or message through various layers of authority using various message systems or patterns (Shonubi & Akintaro, 2016). This implies that information flows in an organization through certain communication patterns. These communication patterns need to be so effective so that employees get the needed information on time and achieve what it should be achieved. This is because effective communication patterns improve the communication flow within the entire organization for smooth and better functioning of the business and for better employee performance. Thus, according to Nwata, Umoh & Amah (2016), employee performance couldn't be enhanced without effective communication or interactions with one another in an organization, which requires effective patterns of communication. This indicates that communication patterns have their own importance in organizations and hence they can have an influence on employee performance.