Circadian rhythms of LD50 values to DDT, dieldrin and malathion, topically applied, were determined for houseflies reared under LD 14:10 with “dawn” at 06.00 hr. There was a marked increase in susceptibility at 05.00 hr in each case. With “dawn” at 18.00 hr., DDT LD50 values were lowest at 17.00 hr indicating independence of the flies' “biological clocks” from clock time of day. Flies reared under LD 18:6 and 10:14 also had circadian rhythms of sensitivity to DDT. Mean daily LD50 values were inversely related to photophase length. The ratios of mean daily LD50 to “pre‐dawn” values were greatest for the longer photophases. Flies reared under LD 14:10 until the pupal stage, then DD until testing showed a normal circadian rhythm. Flies reared in total darkness (DD) showed no diel variations in susceptibility. W.H.O. standard strain flies were used for all the experiments. A fully susceptible (Cooper) and a DDT resistant (DEH‐DOV) strain also showed significant circadian rhythms of sensitivity to DDT. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG CIRCADIANRHYTHMEN BEI DER EMPFINDLICHKEIT VON MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) GEGENUBER INSEKTIZIDEN Circadianrhythmen der LD 50‐Werte gegenüber DDT, Dieldrin und Malathion ‐ topical angewandt wurden bei Stubenfliegen ermittelt, die bei 14:10 h‐Tag mit “Tagesanbruch” um 6.00 Uhr gezüchtet wurden. In allen Fällen war die Empfindlichkeit um 5.00 Uhr wesentlich erhöht. Bei “Tagesanbruch” um 18.00 Uhr waren die niedrigsten LD 50‐Werte um 17.00 Uhr. Dies weist auf die Unabhängigkeit der biologischen Uhr der Fliegen von der Tageszeit hin. Fliegen, die bei 18:6 oder bei 10:14 LD gezüchtet wurden, zeigten ebenfalls einen Circadianrhythmus hinsichtlich der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber DDT. Die mittleren LD 50‐Werte waren umgekehrt proportional zur Länge der Photophase. Das Verhältnis der mittleren täglichen LD 50‐Werte zu den Vortagesanbruchwerten war am grössten bei längerer Photophase. Fliegen, die bei 14:10 LD bis zum Puppenstadium und anschliessend bei DD bis zur Testung gehalten wurden, zeigten einen normalen circadianen Rhythmus. Bei Züchtung in völliger Dunkelheit zeigten sie keine Tagesschwankungen in der Empfindlichkeit. Für alle Versuche wurde ein WHO‐Standardstamm benutzt. Zwei andere Stämme, einer voll emDfindlich (Cooper), der andere resistent (DEH‐DOV) zeigten ebenfalls signifikante Circadianrhythmen in der DDT‐ Empfindlichkeir.
Absorption rates in three strains of housefly show little variation when DDT is applied at different times during the 24‐hr cycle. Rates of breakdown of DDT to DDE, however, vary significantly at different times of the day with most rapid breakdown at 05.00–05.30 and 15.00 hr, corresponding to diel peaks in oxygen consumption. The pre‐dawn peak breakdown rates occur at the times at which the flies were found, previously, to be most susceptible to DDT, thus this change in susceptibility must have other causes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG TAGESZEITLICHE SCHWANKUNGEN IN DDT‐ABSORPTIONS‐ UND ABBAURATEN UND IM ATMUNGSRHYTHMUS BEI DER STUBENFLIEGE, MUSCA DOMESTICA Die Geschwindigkeit, mit der DDT von drei Stubenfliegenrassen absorbiert wurde, zeigte nur wenig Verschiedenheit, wenn es zu verschiedenen Zeiten im Verlauf des 24‐h‐Tages appliziert wurde. Die Rate des Abbaus von DDT zu DDE variierte dagegen im Lauf des Tages, sie war am grössten um 5.00 bis 5.30 Uhr und um 15.00 Uhr, entsprechend den Tagesspitzen des Sauerstoff‐Verbrauchs. Das erste Abbaumaximum (vor Tagesanbruch) fiel zusammen mit der Zeit, in der die Fliegen höchste Empfindlichkeit gegenüber DDT zeigten (vgl. vorige Veröffentlichung). Diese tageszeitspezifische Empfindlichkeit Hess sich demnach keineswegs mit einer (geringeren) Abbaugeschwindigkeit in Zusammenhang bringen.
Two dogs were prepared with Pavlov pouches of the fundic area of the stomach using standard techniques. During treatment periods of 14 days, 200 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was introduced into the pouch twice daily by insufflation. One hour after each drug administration the pouch was washed with saline and the fluid assayed for blood. Bleeding from the pouch increased to a maximum on the 3rd or 4th day of the treatment period and subsequently declined such that by the 8th day blood loss was minimal and approximated that found during control periods. Platelet aggregation (in vitro) responses to adenosine diphosphate were significantly (p less than 0.01) inhibited on day 3 when aggregation curve heights were reduced by 66.2 +/- 13.11% (mean +/- SEM) from control values. On day 7 and during the ensuing 7-day period when ASA was given twice daily, the heights of aggregation responses were reduced by only 20-30% from controls. These responses were significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than those found on day 3. Similar changes in platelet reactivity were found in plasma from rats given ASA twice daily for 7 days. Aggregation responses to collagen were depressed by 95.5 +/- 4.49% on day 1 following two doses of ASA. As the treatment period continued, the aggregation responses increased in magnitude until the 7th day they were similar in height to those from control animals. The mechanism involved in this adaptation to ASA treatment seen with these platelets is not known.
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