No abstract

Land cover and land use are highly visible indicators of climate change and human disruption to natural processes. While land cover is frequently monitored over a large area using satellite data, ground-based reference data is valuable as a comparison point. The NASA-funded GLOBE Observer (GO) program provides volunteer-collected land cover photos tagged with location, date and time, and, in some cases, land cover type. When making a full land cover observation, volunteers take six photos of the site, one facing north, south, east, and west (N-S-E-W), respectively, one pointing straight up to capture canopy and sky, and one pointing down to document ground cover. Together, the photos document a 100-meter square of land. Volunteers may then optionally tag each N-S-E-W photo with the land cover types present. Volunteers collect the data through a smartphone app, also called GLOBE Observer, resulting in consistent data. While land cover data collected through GLOBE Observer is ongoing, this paper presents the results of a data challenge held between June 1 and October 15, 2019. Called “GO on a Trail,” the challenge resulted in more than 3,300 land cover data points from around the world with concentrated data collection in the United States and Australia. GLOBE Observer collections can serve as reference data, complementing satellite imagery for the improvement and verification of broad land cover maps. Continued collection using this protocol will build a database documenting climate-related land cover and land use change into the future.

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In 2014, a long continuing battle began to find out more about Government record-keeping on the deaths of disabled people claiming benefits. Drawing on a timeline of evidence co-produced with disabled people, we analyse how deaths related to the benefits system are an outcome of slow violence, where both the delay between policies and their harmful effects, as well as the more active use of delay tactics, are central to how the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) weaponise time as a strategy to avoid accountability and deny justice. DWP reviews into deaths are an under-researched yet significant focus because they are (supposedly) tools through which the DWP investigates the harms of its own policies, and yet, they are designed and carried out in a way that systemically invisibilise state accountability.

Tissue plasmincgen activator (t-PA) is a multi-damin glycosylated serine protease which occurs in blood and activates plasmhogen in the presence of forming fibrin, leading to the dissolution of such fibrin[ll. t-PA has been cloned and expressed in a variety of cells and has been used successfully to treat life-threatening thrombsis in the form of acute myocardial infarction (MI). ?LyD c m r c i a l samples of reccmbinant Chinese hamster ovary ( M O ) cell-derived t-PA (&-PA) were studied using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine their t h e m 1 stability and the ability of unfolded material to refold and regain biological activity. Biological assays were performed in parallel.The sanples were produced by reconstituting freezedried t-PA to a concentration of lmg/ml and were extensively dialyzed against 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer pH6.8. The final concentration of the samples used for CD was 0 . 8 q / m l and for fluorescence O.O4q/ml. For tenperature dependence work the CD scans and fluorescence spectra were performed initially at 25°C and then heated to 55°C and 75°C for 30 minutes using a circulating water bath and subsequently returned to 25°C over two hours. CD spectra and fluorescence spectra were performed on a Jasco 5-720 spectrapolarimeter and a Spex F l u o r m Fluorimeter respectively . CD is particularly sensitive to protein secondary structure and changes in solution structure like those due to protein denaturation [21 .The far-W CD [Fiy.lAI shows a minimum at h u t 198nm and a maximum centred at 224nm. Secondary structure analysis using the Yang algorithm [31, indicates a structure containing high levels of p-sheet and turn, and only low levels of ahelix. At 55°C the band at 224nm has been reduced but the spectrum indicated a predominantly p structure. At 75°C the magnitude of the minimum was reduced and the maximum disappeared. fIIY1.