Background: Hyperkalemia is common among maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients and is associated with mortality. We hypothesized that clinical characteristics available at time of paramedic assessment prior to emergency department (ED) transport (ambulance-ED) would associate with severe hyperkalemia (K≥6.0). Rapid identification of patients who are at risk for hyperkalemia and thereby, hyperkalemia associated complications, may allow paramedics to intervene in a timely fashion, including directing emergency transport to dialysis-capable facilities. Methods: Maintenance HD patients from a single paramedic provider region, who had at least one ambulance-ED and subsequent ED potassium from 2014-2018, were examined using multivariable logistic regression to create risk prediction models inclusive of prehospital vital signs, days from last dialysis, and the presence of prehospital electrocardiogram (ECG) features of hyperkalemia. We used bootstrapping with replacement to internally validate each model and performance was assessed by discrimination and calibration. Results: Amongst 704 ambulance-ED visits, severe hyperkalemia occurred in 75 (11%); 26 patients with ED hyperkalemia did not have a prehospital ECG. Younger age at transport, longer HD vintage, more days from last hemodialysis session (OR 49.84, 95% CI 7.72-321.77 for 3+ days versus HD the same day (before) ED transport), and prehospital ECG changes (OR 6.64, 95% CI 2.31-19.12) were independently associated with severe ED hyperkalemia. A model incorporating these factors had good discrimination (c-statistic 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.89) and using a cut-off of 25% probability, correctly classified patients 88.9% of the time. Conclusions: Characteristics available at the time of ambulance-ED were associated with severe ED hyperkalemia. An awareness of these associations may allow healthcare providers to define novel care pathways to ensure timely diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia.
Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus for whom premixed insulin preparations (PMIPs) are ordered in the hospital setting may be at risk of hypoglycemia if the PMIP is incorrectly administered at bedtime (instead of suppertime). Objectives: The primary objective was to determine, retrospectively, the incidence of bedtime administration of PMIPs at a tertiary teaching hospital. The secondary objective was to investigate whether bedtime administration of PMIPs led to an increase in nocturnal hypoglycemia. Methods: Inpatient PMIP orders for the period April 1, 2013, to March 31, 2017, were extracted from the pharmacy information system of the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Two hundred randomly selected inpatient admissions were audited, and instances of PMIP administration after 2000 (8 pm) were recorded. Data from an additional random sample of inpatient admissions, from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017, were reviewed to determine whether bedtime administration of PMIPs was associated with increased incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia, relative to suppertime administration. Results: In the randomly selected sample of 200 inpatient admissions, a PMIP was administered at bedtime at least once during 47 admissions (24%). In the additional sample of 123 inpatient admissions during which a PMIP had been administered, the mean nocturnal hypoglycemia rate was 4.15% for suppertime administration and 14.85% for bedtime administration (p = 0.13). Conclusions: For a substantial proportion of patients, PMIPs were inappropriately ordered and administered at bedtime in this hospital setting and may have been associated with nocturnal hypoglycemic events. Recommendations to reduce this practice include ongoing education and a review of preprinted order sets. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Les patients atteints de diabète sucré pour lesquels des préparations d’insuline prémélangées (PIPM) sont commandées en milieu hospitalier peuvent présenter un risque d’hypoglycémie si elles sont administrées à tort au coucher (au lieu de l’heure du souper). Objectifs : L’objectif principal visait à déterminer, rétrospectivement, l’incidence de l’administration des PIPM au coucher dans un hôpital d’enseignement tertiaire. L’objectif secondaire visait quant à lui à déterminer si l’administration au coucher entraînait (ou non) une augmentation de l’hypoglycémie nocturne. Méthodes : Les données relatives aux commandes de PIPM pour les patients hospitalisés pendant la période du 1er avril 2013 au 31 mars 2017 ont été extraites du système d’information pharmaceutique du QEII Health Sciences Centre à Halifax (N.-É.). Deux cents admissions de patients hospitalisés sélectionnées au hasard ont été vérifiées et les cas d’administration des PIPM après 2000 (20 h) ont été enregistrés. Les données d’un échantillon aléatoire supplémentaire d’admissions de patients hospitalisés du 1er janvier 2016 au 31 décembre 2017 ont été examinées afin de déterminer si l’administration au coucher des PIPM était associée à une plus grande incidence d’hypoglycémie nocturne, par rapport à l’administration au souper. Résultats : Dans l’échantillon sélectionné au hasard de 200 admissions de patients hospitalisés, une PIPM a été administrée au coucher au moins une fois au cours de 47 admissions (24 %). Dans l’échantillon supplémentaire de 123 admissions de patients hospitalisés au cours desquelles une PIPM avait été administrée, le taux moyen d’hypoglycémie nocturne était de 4,15 % pour l’administration au souper et se montait à 14,85 % pour l’administration au coucher (p = 0,13). Conclusions : Pour une proportion considérable de patients, la PIPM a été prescrite de manière inappropriée et administrée au coucher dans ce milieu hospitalier et peut avoir été associée à des événements hypoglycémiques nocturnes. Les recommandations visant à réduire cette pratique comprennent une formation continue et un examen des ensembles de commandes préimprimés.
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