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This article presents the results of survey-based research which explores if licensed aircraft maintenance engineers working in Norway, Sweden, and Portugal experience regulated "just culture" as procedural justice-infused processes when occurrence reporting in European Union (EU) civil aviation. Drawing on Tylerian procedural justice theory, the study finds that, perceived procedural justice is more strongly associated with legitimacy (perceived as support for rules and authority) than legal anxiety among the maintenance engineers. Country-based results reveal differences in engineers' legal experiences of occurrence reporting with perceived procedural justice strongest in Sweden and legal anxiety most influential in Portugal. The article contributes with a first exploration of "just culture" as a procedural justice-infused legal intervention to improve compliance to regulated occurrence reporting by negating legal anxiety in a European aviation context.

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The notion of late modernity employed here follows from Banakar ' s three-fold understanding regarding the transformation of the state under the conditions of globalisation (see Banakar 2015: 16). 28 Safe but not Secure ? Risk Management, Communication and Preparedness for a Pandemic in Aviation JOHN WOODLOCK I. INTRODUCTION SOCIOLOGISTS HAVE LONG described contemporary society as a ' risk society ' which must perpetually deal with the risks it has manufactured for itself. By extension, if risk society theory holds good, even to some degree, then scholars argue that the idea of a ' risk regulatory state ' should not be construed as a surprising development (Black 2010; see also Beck 1992). Notwithstanding, the globalisation processes of late modernity 1 have witnessed a gradual change to the nation-state in a way that has ' recast the relationship between law, state and society ' (Banakar 2015: 2). A defining feature of twenty-first century globalisation and the transnational forces that shape late modern law are forms of legal regulation that increasingly focus on the management of risk and instrumentally seek to control and rationally regulate specific societal domains (ibid: 189 -90). Aviation is one such sector which ' operates in a labyrinth of norms ' and where the risk-critical nature of this industry sector requires that risk management techniques are primarily developed to deal with safety and security as regulated phenomena. As such, the design and implementation of risk management plans regarding safety and security in aviation now rely on effective regulation and its implementation where ' law plays a predominant role ' (Leloudas and Haeck 2003: 150).More broadly speaking, at the core of risk-based regulation is ' the prioritising of regulatory actions in accordance with assessments of the risks ' that may hinder a regulator achieving its objectives (Baldwin et al 2012: 281). Scholars suggest that these ' risk-based regulatory frameworks are not neutral, technical instruments ' but, rather, involve complex decision-making and evaluation processes to determine which risks 2 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is a United Nations (UN) body established in 1947. ICAO standards do not supersede national legislation and it is not regarded as a global aviation regulator per se (ICAO 2021f; see Huang 2009). 3 European Union Aviation Safety Agency was established in 2002 ' to promote the highest standards of safety and environmental protection ' in European civil aviation (EASA 2021).are to be prioritised and how they are to be defi ned. This also involves decision making about which risks are not to be prioritised (ibid: 282 -83). Consequently, two main challenges are understood to face risk-based regulators: (i) accurately identifying the risks to the achieving of objectives, so that these may be evaluated and controlled by the regulator; and (ii) exploring ' the extent to which managerial attitudes will affect the level of risk presented ' by a company or organisation. Scholarship has duly not...