Periodontal disease results from inflammation of the supporting structure of the teeth and in response to chronic infection caused by various periodontopathic bacteria. The mechanical removal of this biofilm and adjunctive use of antibacterial disinfectants and antibiotics have been the conventional methods of periodontal therapy. However, the removal of plaque and the reduction in the number of infectious organisms can be impaired in sites with difficult access. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a powerful laser-initiated photochemical reaction, involving the use of a photoactive dye (photosensitizer) activated by light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. Application of PDT in periodontics such as pocket debridement, gingivitis, and aggressive periodontitis continue to evolve into a mature clinical treatment modality and is considered as a promising novel approach for eradicating pathogenic bacteria in periodontitis.

SUMMARYPlasma cell gingivitis is a rare benign condition of the gingiva characterised by sharply demarcated erythaematous and oedematous gingiva often extending up to the muco gingival junction. It is considered a hypersensitive reaction. It presents clinically as a diffuse, erythaematous and papillary lesion of the gingiva, which frequently bleeds, with minimal trauma. This paper presents a case of a 42-year-old man who was diagnosed with plasma cell gingivitis, based on the presence of plasma cells in histological sections, and severe alveolar bone loss at the affected site, which was managed by surgical intervention. BACKGROUND

SUMMARYAn aberrant frenum causes gingival recession either due to an interference in the plaque control or due to a muscle pull. It also presents an aesthetic problem and may compromise the orthodontic result in midline diastema cases, thus causing a recurrence after the treatment. The management of such an aberrant frenum is accomplished by performing a frenectomy. The present case report shows the removal of the abnormal maxillary labial frenum in a 26-year-old male patient and an 18-year-old female patient through the Z-plasty technique. BACKGROUND

Pyogenic granuloma is an infl ammatory hyperplasia of connective tissue which arises in response to various chronic low grade irritations. It is a tumor like growth of oral cavity and considers being non-neoplastic in nature. It predominantly occurs in the second decade of life in young females and rarely causes signifi cantly alveolar bone loss. This paper present case of a pyogenic granuloma, the size of lesion was unusual large with severe alveolar bone loss in affected site and managed by surgical intervention.