Critical thermal maximum (CTmax) is often used as an index of upper thermal tolerance in fishes; however, recent studies have shown that some fishes exhibit agitation or avoidance behavior well before the CTmax is reached. In this study, we quantified behavioral changes during CTmax trials in two Amazonian cichlids, Apistogramma agassizii and Mesonauta insignis. The thermal agitation temperature (Tag) was recorded as the temperature at which fish left cover and began swimming in an agitated manner, and four behaviors (duration of sheltering, digging, activity, and aquatic surface respiration [ASR]) were compared before and after Tag. Both A. agassizii and M. insignis exhibited high critical thermal maxima, 40.8°C and 41.3°C, respectively. Agitation temperature was higher in M. insignis (37.3°C) than in A. agassizii (35.4°C), indicating that A. agassizii has a lower temperature threshold at which avoidance behavior is initiated. Activity level increased and shelter use decreased with increased temperatures, and patterns were similar between the two species. Digging behavior increased after Tag in both species, but was higher in A. agassazii and may reflect its substrate‐oriented ecology. ASR (ventilating water at the surface film) was extremely rare before Tag, but increased in both cichlid species after Tag and was greater in M. insignis than in A. agassizii. This suggests that fish were experiencing physiological hypoxia at water temperatures approaching CTmax. These results demonstrate that acute thermal challenge can induce a suite of behavioral changes in fishes that may provide additional, ecologically relevant information on thermal tolerance.

The present study reviews the records of occurrences of fish species found in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR). The reserve is located in a large section of the middle Solimões River basin, in its interflow with Japurá River. For the elaboration of the list of fish species occurring in Mamirauá Reserve, we used a database of different studies on fish communities carried out in the area over the last three decades, in addition to the material deposited in the ichthyological collections of three scientific institutions, the National Institute for Amazon Research - INPA, the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute - IDSM and the Science and Technology Museum of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS. The ichthyofauna of the MSDR is composed of 541 species, encompassing 45 families and 15 orders. These correspond to 20% of all valid species known for the entire Amazonia so far. As observed in other studies in the Neotropical Region, the more represented orders were Siluriformes (209 species) and Characiformes (185 species), followed by the Gymnotiformes (78 species). The results presented here demonstrate a considerable increase (86%) in the knowledge about the fish diversity found in Mamirauá Reserve, in relation to its first list of fish species, published in the 90's. This increase reflects not only the growth in number of studies on fish diversity in the area, with new surveys, but also the continuous taxonomic work on the collections, and descriptions of twenty-eight new species, with one hundred and ten type series. Further surveys are expected to take place in the Northwestern, more isolated areas of the Reserve, and will allow the identification of new occurrences, and may even unveil new fish species yet to be described to Science..

A educação e percepção ambiental despontam como armas na defesa do meio natural e ajuda a reaproximar o homem da natureza, garantindo um futuro com mais qualidade de vida para todos, já que desperta uma maior responsabilidade e respeito dos indivíduos em relação ao ambiente em que vivem. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o nível de percepção dos alunos de ensino médio (1o e 2o ano) sobre a Educação Ambiental. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se um questionário com dez perguntas. A pesquisa foi realizada com 70 alunos de uma escola com ensino médio em Tefé (AM). A partir da análise das respostas pode-se constatar que o meio ambiente é percebido pelos alunos de diferentes formas, englobando os aspectos bióticos, abióticos e sociais. Há uma grande preocupação por parte dos estudantes com a degradação ambiental que vem ocorrendo em sua cidade.

Aim The objective of this work is to record the occurrence of Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis in Brazilian territory, since so far its distribution is restricted to Peru and Colombia. Methods The collections were carried out in the year of 2013, during the research of ichthyofauna of the region of Auati-Paraná, located in the Mamirauá Reserve in the state of Amazonas. In the floating aquatic vegetation was used net and on the coastal region rapichés. Apistogrammoides is the only one among Geophaginae that has 6-9 spines in the anal fin, while Apistogramma has 3-4. Results Note the presence of three evident mark on the caudal fin and presence of a black stripe on the side of the body that follows from the eye to the caudal peduncle feature thet differentiate the genre. Conclusions This work extends the distribution of A. pucallpaensis being the first record of the species for Brazil.

Meconematinae comprise small predatory katydids. There are currently seven genera and 58 species recorded for the Neotropical region. Two new genera of Phlugidini are described from the Amazon region, Arboraptor gen. nov., type species Arboraptor viridis sp. nov., and Tyrannoraptor gen. nov., type species Tyrannoraptor arboreus (Nickle, 2003) n. comb. A key to the Neotropical genera of Phlugidini is included and we provide a map showing the known distribution plus comments on their behavior observed during fieldwork.