The number of men who provided samples for semen analysis in this study was low, although they were given written and verbal reminders. This poor patient compliance is similar to that in previous studies. We identified a subset of patients with poor compliance, which may allow urologists to target preprocedure counseling more appropriately.

The mechanisms initiating eosinophil influx into sites of inflammation have been well studied in allergic disease but are poorly understood in other settings. This study examined the roles of TLR2 and mast cells in eosinophil accumulation during a nonallergic model of eosinophilia-associated colitis. TLR2-deficient mice (TLR2 ؊/؊ ) developed a more severe colitis than wild-type mice in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model. However, they had significantly fewer eosinophils in the submucosa of the cecum (P < 0.01) and mid-colon (P < 0.01) than did wild-type mice after DSS treatment. Decreased eosinophilia in TLR2 ؊/؊ mice was associated with lower levels of cecal CCL11 (P < 0.01). Peritoneal eosinophils did not express TLR2 protein, but TLR2 ligand injection into the peritoneal cavity induced local eosinophil recruitment, indicating that TLR2 activation of other cell types can mediate eosinophil recruitment. After DSS treatment, mast celldeficient (Kit W-sh/W-sh ) mice had similar levels of intestinal tissue eosinophilia were observed as those in wild-type mice. However, mast cell-deficient mice were partially protected from DSS-induced weight loss, an effect that was reversed by mast cell reconstitution. Overall, this study indicates a critical role for indirect TLR2-dependent pathways, but not mast cells, in the generation of eosinophilia in the large intestine during experimental colitis and has important implications for the regulation of eosinophils at mucosal inflammatory sites.

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Introduction: Radical cystectomy is associated with high rates of morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and increased opioid use for postoperative pain management; however, the relationship between postoperative opioid use and length of stay remains uncharacterized. This study serves to investigate the association between postoperative opioid use and length of hospital stay after radical cystectomy. The relationship between patient and surgical factors on length of stay was also characterized. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients between 2009 and 2019 who underwent radical cystectomy at our institution. Patient and perioperative variables were analyzed to determine the relationship between postoperative opioid use and length of stay using multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: We identified 240 patients for study inclusion with a median age of 70.0 years. Median length of hospital stay was 10.0 days, with median daily mg morphine equivalent use of 57.5 for patients. Daily mg morphine equivalent use was significantly associated with an increased length of stay, as were previous pelvic radiation, postoperative ileus, and higher Clavien-Dindo grade complication during admission (all p<0.05). Median length of stay increased by one day for each increase of 13.2 daily mg morphine equivalents received. Conclusions: Increased daily opioid use was associated with increased length of hospital stay after radical cystectomy. Non-opioid-based pain management approaches may be effective in reducing length of stay after radical cystectomy.