Around 1990, trade unions in both Norway and Denmark moved away from their previous hostile stance, and started actively to promote occupational pensions. Over time, full coverage of occupational pensions was achieved in both countries, yet with different scopes, degrees of risk-sharing and modes of governance. Why did both countries go through similar institutional changes, and why were the outcomes still so different? The roads to full coverage were different: In Denmark, this was achieved through wage bargaining; in Norway, through mandating. Denmark developed far more collectivistic schemes than Norway, but recent developments indicate convergence: efforts are being made in Norway to develop encompassing schemes more similar to the Danish ones, while the Danish system appears to be moving in a more individual direction. In both countries, strong trade union branches have at critical junctures forged alliances with their employer counterparts at the expense of trade union solidarity. Both mandatory and negotiated schemes thus have the potential to be sources of solidarity as well as of self-interest within the union movement. Ré suméAux alentours de 1990, les syndicats, aussi bien en Norvège qu'au Danemark, ont abandonné leur hostilité traditionnelle à l'encontre des pensions professionnelles, et ont commencé à promouvoir activement de telles formules. Au fil du temps, une couverture généralisée en termes de pension /home/trs professionnelle a été mise en place dans les deux pays mais avec des différences quant au champ d'application, au niveau du partage du risque et au mode de gouvernance. Pourquoi ces deux pays ont-ils adopté des changements institutionnels similaires et pourquoi sont-ils parvenus à des résultats encore si différents? Les parcours menant à une couverture intégrale n'ont pas été les mêmes. Au Danemark, l'objectif a été atteint au travers de la négociation salariale ; en Norvège, par des mesures contraignantes. Le Danemark avait développé des régimes bien plus collectifs que la Norvège, mais les évolutions récentes montrent une convergence : en Norvège, des tentatives visent à adopter des régimes plus proches du système danois, alors que le système danois semble évoluer dans une direction plus individualiste. Dans les deux pays, les syndicats ont, à des moments critiques, passé des accords avec leurs interlocuteurs patronaux, au détriment de la solidarité syndicale. Au sein du mouvement syndical, les régimes obligatoires comme les formes négociées ont donc le potentiel d'être source de solidarité comme de recherche d'intérêts particuliers. ZusammenfassungAnfang der 1990er Jahre nahmen die Gewerkschaften in Norwegen und Dänemark Abstand von ihrer vormals ablehnenden Einstellung gegenüber betrieblichen Systemen der Altersversorgung und begannen damit, sich aktiv für dieses Modell einzusetzen. Mit der Zeit wurde in beiden Ländern eine umfassende Absicherung durch Betriebsrenten erreicht, allerdings mit unterschiedlichen Geltungsbereichen, Ausmaßen der Risikoteilung sowie Leitungs-und Ü berwachun...
Individuals’ need for extended working lives depends on the design of pension systems, including occupational pensions. This article examines variation in occupational pension generosity and coverage in Norway’s private sector. The analysis consists of microsimulations of future pension outcomes for cohorts born in 1953, 1963, 1973 and 1983. The first set of calculations estimate average pension levels for individuals with different pension packages who retire at 67; the second, how much longer workers in different cohorts will have to work in order to obtain a replacement rate of 70%. The overall finding is that while all workers in Norway must extend working life in the future, those with the most generous occupational pensions can retire about four years earlier than those with the least generous packages. This shows that the design and regulation of occupational pensions are crucial to the debate on extended working lives.
As public pensions are being retrenched across Europe there is an ongoing shift towards occupational pensions. But the trend is not uniform, and this special issue demonstrates the huge variations in occupational pension systems. This introductory article introduces the politics of this shift. We first outline how occupational pensions deviate from textbook social policy. Industrial relations and the challenges trade unions face feature more strongly than in public social policies. Also, the schemes themselves may take the shape of individual savings schemes, as opposed to the more redistributive arrangements of public social policies. We suggest that theoretical approaches such as the literature on embedded markets (inspired by Polyani), and on the shifting nature of industrial relations as well as on 'issue networks' (inspired by Heclo) will be helpful. The article provides an overview of the state of knowledge, building on recent European comparative studies. We argue that it is time to move beyond comparisons of coverage rates and turn attention towards the many dimensions along which occupational pensions vary between countries and within countries. /home/trs Ré suméAlors que les régimes publics de pension font l'objet de mesures d'économies partout en Europe, on observe une réorientation en faveur des pensions professionnelles. Mais cette tendance n'est pas uniforme et ce numéro spécial démontre des variations considérables qui caractérisent les systèmes de pension professionnelle. Cet article d'introduction présente une analyse politique de cette évolution. Nous montrons d'abord comment les pensions professionnelles s'écartent de la politique sociale classique. Les relations industrielles et les défis auxquels sont confrontés les syndicats s'y marquent plus fortement que dans les politiques sociales publiques. En outre, les régimes eux-mêmes peuvent prendre la forme de mécanismes d'épargne individuelle, à l'opposé des dispositifs plus redistributeurs des systèmes sociaux publics. Nous suggérons que les approches théoriques de la littérature sur les marchés intégrés (inspirée par Polyani), et sur la nature changeante des relations industrielles comme sur les « réseaux thématiques » (inspirée par Heclo) peut s'avérer utile. L'article présente un aperçu de l'état des connaissances en s'appuyant sur de récentes études comparatives européennes. Il soutient qu'il est temps d'aller au-delà des comparaisons des taux de couverture et de prêter attention aux nombreuses dimensions qui font que les pensions professionnelles varient entre les pays et à l'intérieur du même pays. ZusammenfassungDie Erosion der staatlichen Rentensysteme in vielen europäischen Ländern geht Hand in Hand mit der kontinuierlichen Bedeutungszunahme der betrieblichen Altersversorgung. Ein einheitlicher Trend ist jedoch dabei nicht erkennbar, und die vorliegende Themenausgabe zeigt die große Bandbreite der unterschiedlichen betrieblichen Rentensysteme. Dieser einführende Artikel geht auf die grundsatzpolitischen Ü berlegungen zu diesem Paradigme...
Norway reformed its pension system in 2011, introducing a Swedish-style, NDC system. Contrary to expectations, the reform was largely supported by the dominant confederation of trade unions, the LO. In this article, we look at LO involvement in the process at different stages. Through qualitative interviews with key reform architects, we have traced the process between 2005 and 2008, emphasising actors, meeting places and interests. Starting from the insight that unions can influence through lobbying, bargaining and (the threat of) mobilising, we suggest that lobbying can be a mutual process, where parties and unions move each other’s positions. In addition, bargaining can take the form of behind-the-scenes cooperation, as well as of negotiations in the classic, Nordic-style industrial relations sense. Expanding on this framework, we suggest that the literature on pension reforms should pay more attention to negotiated and voluntary labour market occupational schemes, and to the importance of expertise and networks.
Existing studies often regard politicians as outside epistemic communities, owing to a lack of policy or technical expertise. In contrast, this article argues that politicians can also be experts, and can play a pivotal role within existing epistemic communities. Specifically, it finds that this expertise is acquired through two distinct, but interrelated, processes. First, politicians who work on an issue for a sustained period and have access to expert knowledge can be recruited to epistemic communities. Second, politicians with a relevant academic or professional background can become allies for such communities. This argument is developed through an analysis of pension reform in Norway. Drawing on interviews with key policy actors, we demonstrate that civil servants in the Ministry of Finance constituted an epistemic community which recruited key politicians through the Pension Commission and benefited from having an economist and ally as Prime Minister.
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