One type of parental effect occurs when changes in parental phenotype or environment trigger changes to offspring phenotype. Such nongenetic parental effects can be precisely triggered in response to an environmental cue in time‐locked fashion, or in other cases, persist for multiple generations after the cue has been removed, suggesting multiple timescales of action. For parental effects to serve as reliable signals of current environmental conditions, they should be reversible, such that when cues change, offspring phenotypes change in accordance. Social hierarchy is a prevalent feature of the environment, and current parental social status could signal the environment in which offspring will be born. Here, we sought to address parental effects of social status and their timescale of action in mice. We show that territorial competition in seminatural environments affects offspring growth. Although dominant males are not heavier than nondominant or control males, they produce faster growing offspring, particularly sons. The timing, effect‐size, and sex‐specificity of this association are modulated by maternal social experience. We show that a change in paternal social status is sufficient to modulate offspring weight: from one breeding cycle to the next, status‐ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status‐descending males produce lighter sons than before. Current paternal status is also highly predictive of liver transcription in sons, including molecular pathways controlling oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. These results are consistent with a parental effect of social experience, although alternative explanations are considered. In summary, changes in paternal social status are associated with changes in offspring growth and metabolism.

The use of periprocedural dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) has significantly evolved along with innovations in the endovascular management of intracranial aneurysms. Historically, aspirin and clopidogrel have been the most commonly employed regimen due to its safety and efficacy. However, recent studies highlight the importance of tailoring DAPT regimens to individual patient characteristics which may affect clopidogrel metabolism, such as genetic polymorphisms. In the present report, a systematic review of the literature was performed to determine optimal antiplatelet use with flow diverting stents, intracranial stents, intrasaccular devices, and stent-assisted coiling. Studies were analyzed for the number of aneurysms treated, DAPT regimen, and any thromboembolic complications. Based on inclusion criteria, 368 studies were selected, which revealed the increasing popularity of alternative DAPT regimens with the aforementioned devices. Thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications associated with antiplatelet medications were similar across all medications. DAPT with ticagrelor, tirofiban, or prasugrel are effective and safe alternatives to clopidogrel and do not require enzymatic activation. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate different antiplatelet regimens with various devices to establish highest-level evidence-based guidelines and recommendations.

Parental effects are an important source of adaptive traits. By contrast, parental effects failing to regulate offspring phenotype to fit current conditions could be deleterious. Although adaptive parental responses to single cues have been identified, we lack an understanding of the reversibility of parental effects across breeding cycles in a fluctuating environment. Social status of parents can occasionally fluctuate and, in turn, influence high-fitness pathways available to offspring. We show that social competition status results in robust parental effects on growth in mice. Dominant males produce faster growing offspring because of status related cues, not genetic associations. The timing, effect-size, and sex-specificity of this paternal effect are modulated by maternal experience. We experimentally demonstrate that status-ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status-descending males produce lighter sons than before. Paternal status predicts genome-wide transcription in the liver, including transcriptional networks controlling xenobiotic and fatty acid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. Our study demonstrates that paternal social status reversibly conditions offspring growth in naturalistic environments.