Summary There are few long‐term experimental studies of plant community responses to changes in grazing intensity. Here we report species’ changes in a mesotrophic grassland after 12 years of a grazing experiment and relate these changes to species’ life‐history traits. The experiment was set up in 1986 on an extensified species‐poor grassland in lowland UK. Treatments comprised sheep grazing vs. no grazing in winter, grazing vs. no grazing in spring, and two grazing intensities in summer, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two replicate blocks. Point quadrat surveys in 1998 showed responses to grazing treatments by 17 of the 22 most common species. Species showed different responses, many of which were specific to a grazing season. Community changes were similar under spring and winter grazing, but the heavier summer grazing had different consequences. Species richness was increased by spring grazing, decreased by heavier summer grazing and unaffected by winter grazing. More species responded to treatments in the 1998 survey compared with a survey in 1990. Furthermore, the whole experimental grassland had changed between the surveys, probably as a result of falling soil fertility. The two dominant grasses had declined drastically and most other species had increased in abundance. Five new species were found in 1998. Intensive surveys of dicotyledonous species in 1998 showed five of the 12 most common species had responded to grazing treatments. In most cases dicotyledonous species had increased in abundance under heavier grazing in one or more season, and species richness was increased by spring and winter grazing. Compared with a 1991 survey, the number of species responding to treatments had increased by 1998 and seven new species were found. We tested whether species’ responses to grazing were linked to life‐history traits according to three hypotheses: that heavier grazing would disadvantage (i) species grazed preferentially, (ii) species less able to colonize gaps or (iii) more competitive species. Mechanisms differed among seasonal treatments. Responses to heavier summer grazing were linked strongly to gap colonization ability. Responses to spring and winter grazing were positively related to grazer selectivity, a surprising result that might be explained if selectivity was positively related to plant regrowth ability. This study shows the need for long‐term experimental analyses of community responses to grazing as vegetation responses may develop over a long time. The traits analysis suggests it may be possible to predict changes in species composition under grazing through an understanding of the mechanisms of plant responses. Grassland managers require such information in order to manipulate grazing regimes to achieve, for example, diversification or weed control.

DNA encoded libraries (DELs) are used for rapid large-scale screening of small molecules against a protein target. These combinatorial libraries are built through several cycles of chemistry and DNA ligation, producing large sets of DNA-tagged molecules. Training machine learning models on DEL data has been shown to be effective at predicting molecules of interest dissimilar from those in the original DEL. Machine learning chemical property prediction approaches rely on the assumption that the property of interest is linked to a single chemical structure. In the context of DNA-encoded libraries, this is equivalent to assuming that every chemical reaction fully yields the desired product. However, in practice, multistep chemical synthesis sometimes generates partial molecules. Each unique DNA tag in a DEL therefore corresponds to a set of possible molecules. Here, we leverage reaction yield data to enumerate the set of possible molecules corresponding to a given DNA tag. This paper demonstrates that training a custom GNN on this richer dataset improves accuracy and generalization performance.

TRANSNAT'L L. 579, 583 (1996) (explaining that the origin of copyright law was in the context of "publishing, theater, motion pictures, music, and art"); J.H. Reichman, Goldstein on Copyright Law: A Realist's Approach to a TechnologicalAge, 43 STAN. L. REV. 943, 947-49 (1991) (describing tension between the utilitarian incentives and cultural policy). Since 1879, the Supreme Court has tried to insulate the general products market from the potential anticompetitive effects of these same cultural policies that otherwise control the market for literary and artistic works. See, e.g., Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 104 (1879) (holding that copyright subsists in the expression of a work and not the underlying function of its useful aspects). 57 The few cases that deviated from this proposition by protecting facts as such were overruled by Feist, for the view that such protection should have continued, see Jane C. Ginsburg, No "Sweat"? Copyright and Other Protection of Works of Information After Feist v. Rural Telephone, 92 COLUM. L. REv. 338, 343 (1992), which advocates a greater role for copyright law as a potential regulator of information in the modern period, and Robert C. Denicola, Copyright in Collections of Facts: A Theory for the Protection of Nonfiction Literary Works, 81 COLuM. L. REV. 516, 516-17 (1981), which supports the proposition that the collection of facts should be protectable even when the arrangement does not meet the originality standard. See U.C.C. art. 2B Preface: Information Age in Contracts, Introduction (Proposed Official Draft Aug. 1998) (discussing the subgroup of transactions covered in article 2B) (omitted in Feb. 1999 draft); supra text accompanying notes 52-53. 59 An exception was the copyright law of the United Kingdom, which does afford relatively strong copyright protection to uncreative information products. See, e.g., Geller, supra note 39, at 54 (noting the U.K. copyright protection of uncreative information products, a position that now conflicts with the E.U. Directive on Databases).

DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) provide the means to make and screen millions of diverse compounds against a target of interest in a single experiment. However, despite producing large volumes of binding data at a relatively low cost, the DEL selection process is susceptible to noise, necessitating computational follow-up to increase signal-to-noise ratios. In this work, we present a set of informatics tools to employ data from prior DEL screen(s) to gain information about which building blocks are most likely to be productive when designing new DELs for the same target. We demonstrate that similar building blocks have similar probabilities of forming compounds that bind. We then build a model from the inference that the combined behavior of individual building blocks is predictive of whether an overall compound binds. We illustrate our approach on a set of three-cycle OpenDEL libraries screened against soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and report performance of more than an order of magnitude greater than random guessing on a holdout set, demonstrating that our model can serve as a baseline for comparison against other machine learning models on DEL data. Lastly, we provide a discussion on how we believe this informatics workflow could be applied to benefit researchers in their specific DEL campaigns.

How does an art museum library move into the digital arena? An account of four recent and current projects at the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives, involving the extraction of information of value from printed matter and its re-presentation on the web, throws light on this topic. The selection of resources for digitization, and the challenges of an integrated approach, have also raised issues requiring discussion and solution.