We present a publicly available, open source version of the time dependent gas-grain chemical code UCLCHEM. UCLCHEM propagates the abundances of chemical species through a large network of chemical reactions in a variety of physical conditions. The model is described in detail along with its applications. As an example of possible uses, UCLCHEM is used to explore the effect of protostellar collapse on commonly observed molecules and to study the behaviour of molecules in C-type shocks. We find the collapse of a simple Bonnor-Ebert sphere successfully reproduces most of the behaviour of CO,CS and NH 3 from cores observed by Tafalla et al. (2004) but cannot predict the behaviour of N 2 H + . In the C-shock application, we find that molecules can be categorized so that they can be useful observational tracers of shocks and their physical properties. Whilst many molecules are enhanced in shocked gas, we identify two groups of molecules in particular. A small number of molecules are enhanced by the sputtering of the ices as the shock propagates and then remain high in abundance throughout the shock. A second, larger set are also enhanced by sputtering but then are destroyed as the gas temperature rises. Through these applications the general applicability of UCLCHEM is demonstrated.

Peptide bonds (N-C=O) play a key role in metabolic processes since they link amino acids into peptide chains or proteins. Recently, several molecules containing peptidelike bonds have been detected across multiple environments in the interstellar medium (ISM), growing the need to fully understand their chemistry and their role in forming larger pre-biotic molecules. We present a comprehensive study of the chemistry of three molecules containing peptide-like bonds: HNCO, NH 2 CHO, and CH 3 NCO. We also included other CHNO isomers (HCNO, HOCN), and C 2 H 3 NO isomers (CH 3 OCN, CH 3 CNO) to the study. We have used the uclchem gas-grain chemical code and included in our chemical network all possible formation/destruction pathways of these peptide-like molecules recently investigated either by theoretical calculations or in laboratory experiments. Our predictions are compared to observations obtained toward the proto-star IRAS16293-2422 and the L1544 pre-stellar core. Our results show that some key reactions involving the CHNO and C 2 H 3 NO isomers need to be modified to match the observations. Consistently with recent laboratory findings, hydrogenation is unlikely to produce NH 2 CHO on grain surfaces, while a combination of radicalradical surface reactions and gas-phase reactions is a better alternative. In addition, better results are obtained for NH 2 CHO when a slightly higher activation energy of 25 K is considered for the gas-phase reaction NH 2 + H 2 CO → NH 2 CHO + H. Finally, our modelling shows that the observed correlation between NH 2 CHO and HNCO in star-forming regions may come from the fact that HNCO and NH 2 CHO react to temperature in the same manner rather than from a direct chemical link between the two species.

For decades, the detection of phosphorus-bearing molecules in the interstellar medium was restricted to high-mass star-forming regions (e.g., SgrB2 and Orion KL) and the circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars. However, recent higher-sensitivity observations have revealed that molecules such as PN and PO are present not only toward cold massive cores and low-mass star-forming regions with PO/PN ratios 1 but also toward the giant molecular clouds in the Galactic center known to be exposed to highly energetic phenomena such as intense UV radiation fields, shock waves, and cosmic rays. In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive study of the chemistry of phosphorus-bearing molecules across different astrophysical environments that cover a range of physical conditions (cold molecular dark clouds, warm clouds, and hot cores/hot corinos) and are exposed to different physical processes and energetic phenomena (proto-stellar heating, shock waves, intense UV radiation, and cosmic rays). We show how the measured PO/PN ratio (either 1, as in, e.g., hot molecular cores, or 1, as in UV strongly illuminated environments) can provide constraints on the physical conditions and energetic processing of the source. We propose that the reaction P+OH→PO+H, not included in previous works, could be an efficient gas-phase PO formation route in shocks. Our modeling provides a template with which to study the detectability of P-bearing species not only in regions in our own Galaxy but also in extragalactic sources.

Complex organic molecules have been observed for decades in the interstellar medium. Some of them might be considered as small bricks of the macromolecules at the base of terrestrial life. It is hence particularly important to understand organic chemistry in Solar-like star-forming regions. In this article, we present a new observational project: Seeds Of Life In Space (SOLIS). This is a Large Project using the IRAM-NOEMA interferometer, and its scope is to image the emission of several crucial organic molecules in a sample of Solar-like star-forming regions in different evolutionary stages and environments. Here we report the first SOLIS results, obtained from analyzing the spectra of different regions of the Class 0 source NGC 1333-IRAS4A, the protocluster OMC-2 FIR4, and the shock site L1157-B1. The different regions were identified based on the images of formamide (NH 2 CHO) and cyanodiacetylene (HC 5 N) lines. We discuss the observed large diversity in the molecular and organic content, both on large (3000-10,000 au) and relatively small (300-1000 au) scales. Finally, we derive upper limits to the methoxy fractional abundance in the three observed regions of the same order of magnitude of that measured in a few cold prestellar objects, namely 10 12 --10 −11 with respect to H 2 molecules.

Context. The interstellar medium is the locus of physical processes affecting the evolution of galaxies which drive or are the result of star formation activity, supermassive black hole growth, and feedback. The resulting physical conditions determine the observable chemical abundances that can be explored through molecular emission observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Aims. Our goal is to unveiling the molecular richness of the central region of the prototypical nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 at an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency coverage. Methods. We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), covering a nearly contiguous 289 GHz frequency range between 84.2 and 373.2 GHz, to image the continuum and spectral line emission at 1.6″(∼28 pc) resolution down to a sensitivity of 30 − 50 mK. This article describes the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We focus on the analysis of the spectra extracted from the 15″ (∼255 pc) resolution ALMA Compact Array data. Results. We modeled the molecular emission assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium with 78 species being detected. Additionally, multiple hydrogen and helium recombination lines are identified. Spectral lines contribute 5 to 36% of the total emission in frequency bins of 50 GHz. We report the first extragalactic detections of C2H5OH, HOCN, HC3HO, and several rare isotopologues. Isotopic ratios of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon were measured with multiple species. Concluison. Infrared pumped vibrationaly excited HCN, HNC, and HC3N emission, originating in massive star formation locations, is clearly detected at low resolution, while we do not detect it for HCO+. We suggest high temperature conditions in these regions driving a seemingly “carbon-rich” chemistry which may also explain the observed high abundance of organic species close to those in Galactic hot cores. The Lvib/LIR ratio was used as a proxy to estimate a 3% contribution from the proto super star cluster to the global infrared emission. Measured isotopic ratios with high dipole moment species agree with those within the central kiloparsec of the Galaxy, while those derived from 13C/18O are a factor of five larger, confirming the existence of multiple interstellar medium components within NGC 253 with different degrees of nucleosynthesis enrichment. The ALCHEMI data set provides a unique template for studies of star-forming galaxies in the early Universe.