The HIV-1 Rev protein facilitates the nuclear export of mRNA containing the Rev response element (RRE) through binding to the export receptor CRM-1. Here we show that a cellular nuclear protein, Sam68 (Src-associated protein in mitosis), specifically interacts with RRE and can partially substitute for as well as synergize with Rev in RRE-mediated gene expression and virus replication. Differential sensitivity to leptomycin B, an inhibitor of CRM-1, indicates that the export pathways mediated by Rev and Sam68 are distinct. C-terminally deleted mutants of Sam68 inhibited the transactivation of RRE-mediated expression by both wild-type Sam68 and Rev. They were retained in the cytoplasm and impeded the nuclear localization of Rev in co-expressed cells. These mutants also inhibited wild-type HIV-1 replication to the same extent as the RevM10 mutant, and may be useful as anti-viral agents in the treatment of AIDS.

Calpain 3 deficiency is associated with myonuclear apoptosis and profound perturbation of the IkBa/NF-kB pathway in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A

The localization and removal of a superficial foreign body is a common challenge that emergency physicians encounter. The use of ultrasonography to detect superficial foreign bodies has been well documented, but with varying success. This case report demonstrates the use of a finder needle, placed under ultrasound-guidance, to assist in the localization and removal of a glass foreign body that could not be identified after extensive wound exploration alone.