Older persons experiencing a longer length of stay (LOS) or delayed discharge (DD) may see a decline in their health and well-being, generating significant costs. This review aimed to identify evidence on the impact of cognitive impairment (CI) on acute care hospital LOS/DD. A scoping review of studies examining the association between CI and LOS/DD was performed. We searched six databases; two reviewers independently screened references until November 2019. A narrative synthesis was used to answer the research question; 58 studies were included of which 33 found a positive association between CI and LOS or DD, 8 studies had mixed results, 3 found an inverse relationship, and 14 showed an indirect link between CI-related syndromes and LOS/DD. Thus, cognitive impairment seemed to be frequently associated with increased LOS/DD. Future research should consider CI together with other risks for LOS/DD and also focus on explaining the association between the two.
Résumé Le but de cet article est de mieux comprendre et comparer les dynamiques concurrentielles et collaboratives entre des écoles secondaires de langue française, lesquelles cherchent à recruter des élèves. Les écoles sont situées dans deux contextes urbains en Ontario. Une telle étude n’a jamais été menée auparavant dans le contexte de ces écoles. Les données proviennent d’entretiens avec cinq directions d’école, des réponses de 89 parents d’élèves à un questionnaire administré en ligne, de l’analyse de sites internet des écoles et de politiques locales en matière de zone de fréquentation et d’admission. La théorie sous-jacente à l’analyse renvoie aux politiques éducatives et au marché scolaire. Les résultats montrent que les parents considèrent parfois deux, trois voire quatre écoles de l’entourage avant d’arrêter leur choix, mais cette tendance est davantage présente à Ottawa où un plus grand nombre d’écoles de langue française est accessible à une distance plus rapprochée qu’à Toronto. La moitié des parents ont répondu avoir trouvé de l’information sur les écoles grâce à des visites de l’établissement et des conversations avec leur entourage. Parmi les programmes jugés attrayants par les parents, le Baccalauréat international (BI) dont plusieurs administrations scolaires cherchent l’accréditation, arrive en tête, mais n’est pas sans poser de question pour les élèves n’y ayant pas accès. Le discours des directions d’école montre l’importance de la mise en valeur de leur établissement, et leurs relations avec les écoles du voisinage se déclinent en termes de collaboration et de compétition, bien que celles d’Ottawa semblent davantage dans un rapport de collaboration. On y retrouve des écoles avoisinantes qui sont amenées à définir leur spécificité et à véhiculer un message bien adapté à la clientèle ciblée, alors qu’à Toronto, les écoles, parfois récemment ouvertes, rivalisent dans leur offre de programme pour attirer des élèves. La concurrence est ainsi plus accrue entre les écoles de la région torontoise où le bassin de population étudiante francophone ou francophile est plus restreint mais tout de même en hausse dans certains secteurs de la Ville où de nouvelles constructions d’écoles sont exigées. Nous concluons à une interdépendance compétitive entre les écoles.
Background: Nursing home (NH) residents with severe dementia use many medications, sometimes inappropriately within a comfort care approach. Medications should be regularly reviewed and eventually deprescribed. This pragmatic, controlled trial assessed the effect of an interprofessional knowledge exchange (KE) intervention to decrease medication load and the use of medications of questionable benefit among these residents. Methods: A 6-month intervention was performed in 4 NHs in the Quebec City area, while 3 NHs, with comparable admissions criteria, served as controls. Published lists of “mostly”, “sometimes” or “exceptionally” appropriate medications, tailored for NH residents with severe dementia, were used. The intervention included 1) information for participants’ families about medication use in severe dementia; 2) a 90-minute KE session for NH nurses, pharmacists, and physicians; 3) medication reviews by NH pharmacists using the lists; 4) discussions on recommended changes with nurses and physicians. Participants’ levels of agitation and pain were evaluated using validated scales at baseline and follow-up. Results: Seven (7) NHs and 123 participants were included for study. The mean number of regular medications per participant decreased from 7.1 to 6.6 in the intervention, and from 7.7 to 5.9 in the control NHs (p-value for the difference in differences test: < 0.05). Levels of agitation decreased by 8.3% in the intervention, and by 1.4% in the control NHs (p=0.026); pain levels decreased by 12.6% in the intervention and increased by 7% in the control NHs (p=0.049). Proportions of participants receiving regular medications deemed only exceptionally appropriate decreased from 19% to 17% (p=0.43) in the intervention and from 28% to 21% (p=0.007) in the control NHs (p=0.22). The mean numbers of regular daily antipsychotics per participant fell from 0.64 to 0.58 in the intervention and from 0.39 to 0.30 in the control NHs (p=0.27). Conclusions: This interprofessional intervention to reduce inappropriate medication use in NH residents with severe dementia decreased medication load in both intervention and control NHs, without important concomitant increase in agitation, but mixed effects on pain levels. Practice changes and heterogeneity within these 7 NHs, and a ceiling effect in medication optimization likely interfered with the intervention. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov : # NCT05155748 (first registration 14-12-2021)
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