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Summary Chromosome numbers of seven Carex taxa collected from the Korean peninsula are reported. This study is the first observations of meiotic chromosomes for Carex species from Korean populations. A univalent is observed in C. ischnostachya Steud. var. fastigiata T. Koyama (n=26II+I), and two different chromosome numbers are observed in an individual of C. leucochlora Bunge (n= 27II, 29II). For the first time, the chromosome number for C. polyschoena H. Lév. & Vaniot (n=26II) is reported here. The results of diverse chromosome numbers suggest that polyploidy and aneuploidy including agmatoploidy and symploidy (increases and decreases in chromosome number due to fission or fusion, respectively) have played an important role for Carex species diversity in Korea.

The nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from Abies koreana is the first to have complete genome sequence from genus Abies of family Pinaceae. The circular double-stranded DNA, which consists of 121,373 base pairs (bp), contains a pair of very short inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 264 bp each, which are separated by a small and large single-copy regions (SSC and LSC) of 54,197 and 66,648 bp, respectively. The genome contents of 114 genes (68 peptide-encoding genes, 35 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes, six open reading frames and one pseudogene) are similar to the chloroplast DNA of other species of Abietoideae. Loss of ndh genes was also identified in the genome of A. koreana like other genomes in the family Pinaceae. Thirteen genes contain one (11 genes) or two (rps12 and ycf3 genes) introns. In phylogenetic analysis, the tree confirms that Abies, Keteleeria and Cedrus are strongly supported as monophyletic. Other inverted repeat sequences located in 42-kb inversion points (1186 bp) include trnS-psaM-ycf12- ψtrnG genes.

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