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Family-friendly policies have emerged as a new issue in human resource management. Previous studies mainly focused on the effect of family-friendly policies on organizational productivity or job satisfaction at the organizational level. Little attention has been paid to examining the effect of family-friendly policies at the individual level. Our research fills this gap by examining the effect of family-friendly policies at the individual level with a sample of 127 teachers in four elementary schools in South Korea. We empirically examine the influence of family-friendly policies on job motivation, work performance, and employee morale using a survey method. As a result, we find that a balance between work and family is the strongest predictor influencing job motivation, work performance, and employee morale. Unlike our expectation, however, knowledge and use of familyfriendly policies do not have an impact on these three dependent variables. Considering that such a balance between work and family has a positive influence on the three dependent variables, public organizations need to consider the implementation of available family-friendly policy programs to help balance work and family.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the current performance management system of the South Korean Government and make recommendations for improvements to its institutional, operational, and value dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review, the government performance management system in South Korea is analyzed according to its institutional, operational, and value dimensions. Findings The Korean Government’s performance management system has developed distinct features such as strong political leadership, diversity in types of performance evaluation, the institutional involvement of civilian experts, and a mutually cooperative system among agencies tasked with efficient performance management. This paper concludes that the government performance management system requires further improvement in its institutional, operational, and value dimensions. Originality/value The paper provides scholars and policy makers concerned with government performance management, with diverse perspectives and suggested areas for improvement.

While Lowi (1964) claims that policies can be classified as one of three types, distributive, redistributive, or regulatory, his work has been criticized as incomplete. Policies are frequently multidimensional, and his categories are neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive. A fourth policy type, morality policy, has now been well-established as distinct from the other three types (e.g., Meier 1994; Mooney 2001). Evidence suggests that some policies can be framed as multidimensional policy types. Abortion funding is one such policy issue that has aspects of both morality policy and redistributive policy in its politics. In this study, we develop models of government abortion funding based on abortion as a morality and a redistributive policy. We estimate these models using weighted least squares to explain the voting outcomes of county-level votes in six state referenda elections for government funding of abortions. Then, we test a combined model and find clear evidence that the combined model, and variables from both perspectives, provide a stronger case than a single policy typology model alone. A practical implication is that policy advocates may purposely emphasize different values and results of the policies. Thus, testing policy theories may need to include more complex views of policies based on policy types. policy typologies have provided an important analytical framework in the study of public policy, using the assumption that every policy type has its own political dynamics. Typologies help classify policies and identify associated political dynamics. Lowi (1964) was the first author to hypothesize that the type of policy would shape the type of politics surrounding the issue. His work laid out distributive, redistributive, and regulatory policy as the primary policy types. Lowi's typology has been widely used in the study of public policy, but it has also been criticized because of its limited empirical applicability and difficulties in valid and reliable classifications (Greenberg,

Objective. Although research suggests that national forces can play a role in local and state elections, most of this work has only recently begun to examine the potential role of national forces in state or local ballot initiative or referenda elections. Methods. Our research addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the influence of national forces, such as the timing of elections, Supreme Court rulings, the activities of interest groups, and public opinion, on state direct legislation elections. We incorporate national forces into the morality politics framework and derive specific hypotheses. We then test these hypotheses by conducting a multivariate analysis of county-level voting patterns across 16 abortion-related direct legislation elections. Results. Our results confirm most of the hypotheses derived from the morality politics framework, including those concerning the role of national forces. Conclusions. Voting patterns on abortion tend to be influenced by the presence of presidential elections, Supreme Court rulings, interest-group activity, public opinion, partisanship, college education, and conservative religious forces. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on elections, abortion policy, and morality politics.