Fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) are important infectious pathogens responsible for causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. One hundred and forty-six FAdV strains were continuously collected and analysed from 2013 to 2019 to understand the epidemiological change and nature of the virus in South Korea from two different standpoints, before and after the release of multiple commercial FAdV-4 vaccines. Phylogenetic analysis of the hexon loop-1 gene sequences showed that 92 strains belonged to FAdV-C (63%), 35 strains to FAdV-E (24%), 18 strains to FAdV-D (12.3%), and one strain to FAdV-A (0.7%), respectively. We provide evidence that the dominant FAdV serotype has recently changed from FAdV-4 to FAdV-8b, as reflected in the proportion of each serotype in field cases in 2019 (18.5% and 77.8%, respectively). The newly emerged FAdV-8b cluster was significantly noticeable compared to the old FAdV clusters, indicating that the development of a vaccine for FAdV-8b may be necessary. Overall, this new insight into FAdV prevalence provides a foundation for strategic control and the development of efficient vaccines against FAdV cases in chickens in South Korea. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS. The dominant FAdV serotype in South Korea shifted from FAdV-4 to FAdV-8b in 2013-2019. . A new cluster of FAdV-8b has emerged in South Korea, indicating the development of new vaccines.

From December 1988 to February 1989, five samples of egg populations of two coexisting paropsine leaf beetles, Poropsis atomario Olivier and Chrysophtharta variicollis (Chapuis), were collected from a young Eucolyptus blakelyi plantation on the Australian National University campus in Canberra. The initial estimates of egg mortality rates were adjusted to take account of the effects of misclassification of mortality factors, and that collected egg batches had a shorter length of time in which they were exposed to mortality factors than their field counterparts. The estimates of parasitisation and predation rates increased substantially at each step, while the estimates of mortality rates due to other factors decreased at the first step, but increased at the second step. The importance for appropriate adjustments is discussed. IntroductionThe mortality rates of insects are usually estimated from sample data (Southwood 1978). However, care should be taken in interpreting these data as they are influenced by a number of factors. These include the spatial distribution of the insect (Taylor 1971), the timing of the sample date (Southwood 1978), the misclassification of mortality factors (Morris 1957), and the length of time the sampled portion of the natural population has been exposed to field conditions. The effects of the last two factors are studied in this paper with sample data from egg populations of two coexisting leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Paropsini), Paropsis atomaria Olivier and Chrysophtharta variicollis (Chapuis). Corrections are made to the estimates of mortality rates after taking the two factors into account.P. atomaria is one of the most widely distributed and abundant paropsine species in Australia, and is often associated with other Paropsis spp. and Chrysophtharta spp. (Carne 1966). One of the most commonly observed associations in the Australian Capital Territory is between P. atomaria and C. variicollis. Cumpston (1939) and Tanton and Khan (1978) listed some egg parasitoids of P. atomaria. No comprehensive study has been done on the egg mortalities of the two species.

Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have long been recognized as critical viral pathogens within the poultry industry, associated with severe economic implications worldwide. This specific group of viruses is responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases in birds, and an increasing occurrence of outbreaks was observed in the last ten years. Since their first discovery forty years ago in South Korea, twelve antigenically distinct serotypes of fowl adenoviruses have been described. This comprehensive review covers the history of fowl adenovirus outbreaks in South Korea and updates the current epidemiological landscape of serotype diversity and replacement as well as challenges in developing effective broadly protective vaccines. In addition, transitions in the prevalence of dominant fowl adenovirus serotypes from 2007 to 2021, alongside the history of intervention strategies, are brought into focus. Finally, future aspects are also discussed.

Newcastle disease (ND), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) can be similar making it critical to quickly differentiate them. Herein, we adapted pre-existing molecular-based diagnostic assays for NDV and ILTV, and developed new assays for aMPV A and B, for use under synchronized thermocycling conditions. All assays performed equivalently with linearity over a 5 log 10 dynamic range, a reproducible (R 2 > 0.99) limit of detection of ≥ 10 target copies, and amplification efficiencies between 86.8%–98.2%. Using biological specimens for NDV and ILTV showed 100% specificity. Identical amplification conditions will simplify procedures for detection in diagnostic laboratories.