There has been no clear evidence about whether organizational investment works for countering occupational fraud, and where to focus the investment if it works. In this regard, the present study explored the mediating roles of ethical culture and monitoring control in the 'organizational investment-occupational fraud' linkage. Using a sample of 392 Korean banking employees, a series of structural equation models were estimated. The results showed that the perception of increased investment in anti-occupational fraud enhanced two mediating variables, ethical culture and monitoring control. However, only the perception of an improved ethical culture was negatively related to the perceived frequency of occupational fraud with statistical significance. These findings imply that investing in ethical culture is more effective in preventing occupational fraud.

Internal fraud has been attributed as one of the contributing factors for serious banking crises. Given that opportunity is the pre-eminent cause of white-collar crime, this study attempts to measure the relationships between the perceived 'opportunity reduction' and other fraud risk factors with regard to the 'likelihood of fraud occurrence' in financial institutions. For analysis, the study gathered 395 survey responses from South Korean financial sector. The results of logistic regressions of the study highlight that how to operate control mechanisms combining prevention and deterrence measures (the qualitative aspect of internal control), is more important for preventing fraud than the mere existence of many anti-fraud controls. In addition, the study discovers that the employees of the Korean financial institutions view that the risk of management override of controls is a more critical risk than collusion in their organization.

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