No abstract

This document describes a microgrid cyber security reference architecture. First, we present a high-level concept of operations for a microgrid, including operational modes, necessary power actors, and the communication protocols typically employed. We then describe our motivation for designing a secure microgrid; in particular, we provide general network and industrial control system (ICS)-specific vulnerabilities, a threat model, information assurance compliance concerns, and design criteria for a microgrid control system network. Our design approach addresses these concerns by segmenting the microgrid control system network into enclaves, grouping enclaves into functional domains, and describing actor communication using data exchange attributes. We describe cyber actors that can help mitigate potential vulnerabilities, in addition to performance benefits and vulnerability mitigation that may be realized using this reference architecture. To illustrate our design approach, we present a notional a microgrid control system network implementation, including types of communication occurring on that network, example data exchange attributes for actors in the network, an example of how the network can be segmented to create enclaves and functional domains, 3 and how cyber actors can be used to enforce network segmentation and provide the necessary level of security. Finally, we describe areas of focus for the further development of the reference architecture. 4 AcknowledgmentsThe Cyber Security technical team would like to acknowledge the following for help in this project:• Ryan Custer, Mayuri Shakamuri, and Susan Wade of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for their extensive support in collecting information regarding vulnerabilities and information assurance controls for industrial control systems• Regis Cassidy of SNL for his contribution to a preliminary reference implementation.• Adrian Chavez of SNL for his contribution to identifying data exchanges between cyber security actors.• John Clem of SNL for his contribution to a preliminary threat model analysis.• Brian Van Leeuwen of SNL for his invaluable knowledge of communication protocols in industrial control systems• Jonathan Gray of Idaho National Laboratory (INL) for his review, feedback, and contribution to building data exchange worksheets included in this document• Erik Limpaecher, Scott VanBroekhoven, Michael Zhivich, and Mayank Varia of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory for their review and feedback.• Representatives from US Pacific Command (USPACOM) and the Joint Information Operations Warfare Center (JIOWC) for their invaluable input.The following government and industry partners offered continued review and valuable feedback through multiple iterations of the Cyber Security Reference Architecture document: Executive SummaryThis document summarizes the on-going cyber security work and resulting cyber security reference architecture for a secure microgrid control system network. The architecture presented here p...

No abstract

No abstract

Amending soil with organic matter is common in agricultural and logging practices. Such amendments have benefits to soil fertility and crop yields. These benefits may be increased if material is preprocessed before introduction into soil. We analyzed the efficiency of microaerobic fermentation (MF), also referred to as Bokashi, in preprocessing fibrous lignocellulosic (FLC) organic materials using varying produce amendments and leachate treatments. Adding produce amendments increased leachate production and fermentation rates and decreased the biological oxygen demand of the leachate. Continuously draining leachate without returning it to the fermentors led to acidification and decreased concentrations of polysaccharides (PS) in leachates. PS fragmentation and the production of soluble metabolites and gases stabilized in fermentors in about 2-4 weeks. About 2 % of the carbon content was lost as CO(2). PS degradation rates, upon introduction of processed materials into soil, were similar to unfermented FLC. Our results indicate that MF is insufficient for adequate preprocessing of FLC material.