The liquids produced by the pyrolysis process with biomass as the raw material are popularly called bio-oil. The reaction zone temperature in the pyrolysis process affects the liquid yield in a non-sweeping gas fixed-bed reactor. This research aims to obtain the effect of temperature in the reaction zone on the liquid yield. Camphor wood was fed into the reactor as raw material. An electric heater was controlled using the proportional integral differential (PID) controller to keep the reactor temperature constant at 500°C as an optimum decomposition temperature. To control the vapor temperature in the reaction zone, an electric heater was mounted on the wall of the reaction zone, which was equipped with a PID controller to keep the temperature constant. To convert the pyrolysis vapor into liquid, a double pipe condenser was used in the system. This study showed that the liquid yield increases as the vapor temperature increases. The rise in vapor temperature from an ambient temperature to 200°C increases the liquid yield 17.0 wt% with a low heating rate, 5 wt% with a heating rate of 8°C/minute and 4.5 wt% with a heating rate of 17°C/minute. Early condensation occurred due to the low temperature of the vapor at the reaction zone.

Bio-oil (liquid smoke) can be produced by condensing pyrolysis vapor. As a raw material, the sawdust from Merbau wood (Intsia bijuga) is heated to generate vapor. These vapors are then condensed in a liquid collecting system (LCS). The particle size of the sawdust influences the heating rate and eventually affects bio-oil production. To increase the yield of bio-oil while decreasing the power consumption of the process, the LCS design must be improved. In the present study, the authors aim to understand the relationship between the particle size and the liquid smoke yield using an LCS equipped with L-shaped heat pipe fin condensers. To this end, we experimentally investigated the influence of the particle size (2 mm, 0.707 mm, and 0.595 mm) of the raw material on the liquid smoke yield of an LCS in a pyrolysis process. The results show that increasing the feedstock particle size of Merbau wood sawdust increases the yield of liquid smoke. With a particle size of 2 mm, we achieved a 6% higher yield of liquid smoke than that with a particle size of 0.595 mm. In addition, the installation of the L-shaped heat pipe fin condensers improved the LCS performance.

INTRODUCTIONCoronavirus outbreak has now spread to 221 countries in the world. The total number of positive cases and the total deaths increases every day. So that on March 11, 2020, WHO declared Covid-19 as a pandemic. Until the end of 2020, there were 84 million positive cases and 1.8 million deaths recorded worldwide (Coronavirus Graphs 2021.). In early March, precisely on March 2, 2020, coronavirus' first case was found in Indonesia. Financially the pandemic leads to a negative economy.Investors began to withdraw their money because of what happened in the other ASEAN stock market index country. Indo-nesia's stock market price (IHSG) decreased by 1,712.51 points before getting revived (PT Bursa Efek Indonesia 2020). The difference between national and local cases estimate has potentially generated abnormal returns to the companies' stock. This paper will discuss the effect of national cases and local cases reported on companies' abnormal returns in local areas. Many studies have discussed positive coronavirus cases into abnormal returns in certain countries (Al-