Laser‐backscattering instruments, such as the focused beam reflectance measurement or threefold dynamical optical reflectance measurement, are promising tools to aid crystallization process development, allowing an in situ, real‐time, and nondestructive measurement of particle size distributions. Besides the instrument principles, in detail geometrical and optical models are discussed which deconvolute the recorded chord length distribution. Emphasis is thereby laid on the influence of the suspension density on instrument recordings. The application of laser‐backscattering devices for determination of kinetic constants is discussed and future directions and perspectives are given.

A new operational radar-based rainfall product has been developed at Météo-France and is currently being deployed within the French operational network. The new quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) product is based entirely on radar data and includes a series of modules aimed at correcting for ground clutter, partial beam blocking, and vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) effects, as well as the nonsimultaneity of radar measurements. The surface rainfall estimation is computed as a weighted mean of the corrected tilts. In addition to the final QPE, a map of quality indexes is systematically generated. This paper is devoted to the validation of the new radar QPE. The VPR identification module has been specifically validated by analyzing 489 precipitation events observed over 1 yr by a representative eight-radar subset of the network. The conceptual model of VPR used in the QPE processing chain is shown to be relevant. A climatology of the three shape parameters of the conceptual VPR (brightband peak, brightband thickness, and upper-level decreasing rate) is established and the radar-derived freezing-level heights are shown to be in good agreement with radiosonde data. A total of 27 precipitation events observed by three S-band radars of the network during the winter of 2005 and the autumns of 2002 and 2003 are used to compare the new radar QPE to the old one. Results are stratified according to the distance to the radar and according to the height of the freezing level. The Nash criterion is increased from 0.23 to 0.62 at close range (below 50 km) and from 0.35 to 0.42 at long range (between 100 and 150 km). The relevance of the proposed quality indexes is assessed by examining their statistical relationship with long-term radar–rain gauge statistics. Mosaics of QPE and quality indexes are also illustrated.

In this contribution, a design procedure that is applicable to many kinds of wireless or contactless energy transfer systems is proposed. The design procedure is limited to near field wireless energy transfer systems in resonant operation. For this purpose, the input impedance and voltage transfer function of different natural frequencies are calculated analytically, and moreover, the behavior of the system is described. Following three issues lead to a readily applicable design procedure. First, the knowledge of the transfer functions. Secondly, the knowledge of basic magnetic properties and lastly, the known influence of harmonics according to rectifier and inverter. This design procedure is demonstrated with two hardware setups. Index Terms-Inductive charging, inductive power transmission, power conversion harmonics, resonant inverters, transfer functions.

In situ measurement techniques are promising tools to aid process development. However, they also pose new challenges in evaluating large amounts of recorded data. A new procedure for in situ laser-backscattering devices has been developed that allows transformation of the raw recorded data, a chord length distribution, into a format suitable for population balance modeling. Emphasis is thereby laid on the influence of the suspension density on the measured data. Experimental data are recorded using a batch laboratory crystallizer equipped with an in situ 3D-ORM laser backscattering device and an ultrasound probe. The new proposed five-step procedure for data preprocessing is based on several independently developed tools from literature and is exemplarily illustrated with results on the crystallization of ascorbic acid. The proposed method is a step forward to use in situ laser-backscattering devices also for quantitative purposes.

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