BackgroundInternationally, up to 15.1% of intensive Internet use among adolescents is dysfunctional. To provide a basis for early intervention and preventive measures, understanding the motives behind intensive Internet use is important.ObjectiveThis study aims to develop a questionnaire, the Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents (IMQ-A), as a theory-based measurement for identifying the underlying motives for high-risk Internet use. More precisely, the aim was to confirm the 4-factor structure (ie, social, enhancement, coping, and conformity motives) as well as its construct and concurrent validity. Another aim was to identify the motivational differences between high-risk and low-risk Internet users.MethodsA sample of 101 German adolescents (female: 52.5%, 53/101; age: mean 15.9, SD 1.3 years) was recruited. High-risk users (n=47) and low-risk users (n=54) were identified based on a screening measure for online addiction behavior in children and adolescents (Online-Suchtverhalten-Skala, OSVK-S). Here, “high-risk” Internet use means use that exceeds the level of intensive Internet use (OSVK-S sum score ≥7).ResultsThe confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the IMQ-A’s 4-factor structure. A reliability analysis revealed good internal consistencies of the subscales (.71 up to .86). Moreover, regression analyses confirmed that the enhancement and coping motive groups significantly predicted high-risk Internet consumption and the OSVK-S sum score. A mixed-model ANOVA confirmed that adolescents mainly access the Internet for social motives, followed by enhancement and coping motives, and that high-risk users access the Internet more frequently for coping and enhancement motives than low-risk users. Low-risk users were primarily motivated socially.ConclusionsThe IMQ-A enables the assessment of motives related to adolescent Internet use and thus the identification of populations at risk. The questionnaire enables the development of preventive measures or early intervention programs, especially dealing with internal motives of Internet consumption.

The aim of this study is to develop and test the effectiveness of a drinking-motive-tailored intervention for adolescents hospitalized due to alcohol intoxication in eight cities in Germany between December 2011 and May 2012 against a similar, non-motive-tailored intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, 254 adolescents received a psychosocial intervention plus motive-tailored (intervention group; IG) or general exercises (control group; CG). Adolescents in the IG received exercises in accordance with their drinking motives as indicated at baseline (e.g. alternative ways of spending leisure time or dealing with stress). Exercises for the CG contained alcohol-related information in general (e.g. legal issues). The data of 81 adolescents (age: M = 15.6, SD = 1.0; 42.0% female) who participated in both the baseline and the follow-up were compared using ANOVA with repeated measurements and effect sizes (available case analyses). Adolescents reported lower alcohol use at the four-week follow-up independently of the kind of intervention. Significant interaction effects between time and IG were found for girls in terms of drinking frequency (F = 7.770, p < 0.01) and binge drinking (F = 7.0005, p < 0.05) but not for boys. For the former, the proportional reductions and corresponding effect sizes of drinking frequency (d = − 1.18), binge drinking (d = − 1.61) and drunkenness (d = − 2.87) were much higher than the .8 threshold for large effects. Conducting psychosocial interventions in a motive-tailored way appears more effective for girls admitted to hospital due to alcohol intoxication than without motive-tailoring. Further research is required to address the specific needs of boys in such interventions. (German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS ID: DRKS00005588).

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SUMMARY The objective of this study was to determine whether the intuitive clinical diagnosis of a headache type made by paediatric neurologists would also have fulfilled International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for that type. Clinical information was recorded on data sheets. The neurologists made clinical diagnoses without referring to a fixed set of criteria. An independent physician then used the information on the data sheets to classify the child's headache by IHS criteria. Complete data sheets were available for 72 children, aged between four and 18 years. The intuitive clinical diagnosis was completely concordant with the criterion diagnosis of the IHS in 61 per cent, partially concordant in 31 per cent and at complete variance in 8 per cent. These data suggest that the IHS criteria can be applied to a majority of children in a referral‐based population such as this, but that minor revisions to the criteria are necessary to make them even more applicable to children. RÉSUMÉ Critères de ľInternational Headache Society et maux de têle chez ľenfant Ľobjectif de cette étude était de déterminer si le diagnostic clinique intuitif du type de maux de tête effectué par les neuro‐pédiatres remplissait les critères de ľlnternational Headache Society (IHS) pour chaque type. Les informations cliniques étaient recueillies sur des feuilles de données. Les neurologues portaient un diagnostic sans référence à un ensemble donne de critères. Un médecin indépendant utilisait alors les feuilles de donnees pour classer les maux de tête de chaque enfant selon les critères de PIHS. Des feuilles de données complètes furent obtenues pour 72 enfants âgés de quatre à 18 ans. Le diagnostic clinique intuitif était totalement concordant avec les critères diagnostiques de ľIHS dans 61 pour cent des cas, partiellement concordant dans 31 pour cent des cas et differait totalement dans 8 pour cent. Ces données suggèrent que les critères IHS peuvent être appliqués à la majorité des enfants dans une population de même référence, mais que des révisions mineures des critères sont souhaitables pour en favoriser ľapplication aux enfants. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Kriterien der Internalionalen Migränegesellsehaft und Kopfschmerz im Kindesalter Es war das Ziel dieser Studie, festzustellen, ob die intuitive klinische Diagnose eines Kopfschmer/typs durch einen Neuropädiater die Kriterien der Internalionalen Migränegesellsehaft (IHS) für diesen Typ erfüllt. Die klinischen Informationen wurden auf Formblätter übertragen. Die Neurologen stellten klinische Diagnosen, ohne sich an vorgeschriebene Kriterien zu halten. Ein unparteiischer Arzt klassifizierte dann die Daten auf den Formblättern nach den IHS Kriterien. Von 72 Kindern im Alter zwischen vier und 18 Jahren lagen vollständige Formblätter vor. Die intuitive klinische Diagnose stimmte in 61 Pròzent ganz und in 31 Prozent teilweise mit den IHS Kriterien uberein und war in acht Prozent ganz anders. Diese Daten zeigen, daß die IHS Kriterien auch bei der Mehrzahl der Kindern anwendbar sind, dafi aber kleine...

Accepted clinical evidence suggests superior efficacy of novel antipsychotics in the treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Whether this constitutes a primary drug effect or a secondary effect due to easing extrapyramidal side-effects or improving positive symptoms when converting from a first- to a second-generation neuroleptic is still open to debate. Long-term efficacy as well as differential drug effects on cognitive performance are also poorly documented. We therefore compared cognitive performance of olanzapine vs. clozapine treatment in a controlled, randomized, double-blind trial. Fifty-four patients were assessed following a 2- to 9-day washout and again after 4 and 26 wk of neuroleptic treatment. Patients were rated on the PANSS for psychopathological changes, extrapyramidal side-effects were assessed on the Simpson-Angus Scale, and cognitive performance was assessed with the Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting and the Tower of London tests. Schizophrenia symptoms, extrapyramidal side-effects and cognitive performance improved significantly in the course of either drug treatment. Stroop test performance and Tower of London planning time improved significantly over 26 wk compared to baseline and 4-wk follow-up assessment while Wisconsin Card Sorting and Tower of London execution time improved significantly after 4 wk with no further improvement after 26 wk. Improved executive function was not related to improving positive symptoms and easing extrapyramidal side-effects, thus indicative of a primary treatment effect of either antipsychotic. However, Stroop reaction time improved with olanzapine while clozapine had a stronger effect on improving negative symptoms, thus suggestive of a differential drug effect.