Background: Containment policies and other restrictions introduced by the Spanish government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic present challenges for marginalised populations, such as people who use drugs. Harm reduction centres are often linked to social services, mental health services, and infectious disease testing, in addition to tools and services that help to reduce the harms associated with injecting drugs. This study aimed to explore the impact of the pandemic on these services in four autonomous communities in Spain.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that employed a seven-section structured survey administered electronically to 20 centres in July 2020. Data from the most heavily affected months (March–June) in 2020 were compared to data from the same period in 2019. Averages were calculated with their ranges, rates, and absolute numbers.Results: All 11 responding centres reported having had to adapt or modify their services during the Spanish state of alarm (14 March–21 June 2020). One centre reported complete closure for two months and four reported increases in their operating hours. The average number of service users across all centres decreased by 22% in comparison to the same period in the previous year and the average needle distribution decreased by 40% in comparison to 2019. Most centres reported a decrease in infectious disease testing rates (hepatitis B and C viruses [HBV, HCV], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and tuberculosis [TB]) for March, April, and May in 2020 compared to the previous year. Reported deaths as a result of overdose did not increase during the state of alarm, but 2/11 (18%) centres reported an increase in overdose deaths immediately after finalisation of the state of alarm.Conclusion: Overall, like other European countries, Spanish harm reduction centres were able to continue operating and offering services by adjusting operating hours. The number of overall service users and needles distributed fell during the Spanish state of alarm lockdown period, suggesting that fewer clients accessed harm reduction services during this time, putting them at greater risk of reusing or sharing injecting equipment, overdosing, acquiring infectious diseases with decreased access to testing or discontinuing ongoing treatment (methadone maintenance therapy, hepatitis C treatment, or antiretroviral therapy).

A discrete time nonlinear filter is used to estimate the volatility in a financial model. New filters are derived for sums of unobserved quantities and the EM algorithm applied to determine the parameters of the model.

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RESUMENEl objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto del manejo presacrificio porcino sobre la incidencia de carne pálida, suave y exudativa (PSE) y describir los factores de riesgo. Se recolectaron un total de 20 variables relacionadas con el transporte y las condiciones presacrificio durante un período de tres meses. Se estudiaron 134 lotes (3.156 cerdos) en una planta de beneficio comercial colombiana. Se usó una regresión logística multivariada para identificar los factores de riesgo previos al sacrificio. La calidad de la carne fue descrita como una variable de respuesta binomial (1: carne normal, 2: condición PSE). La incidencia de carne PSE fue 5,8%. Los resultados indican que el peso, el tiempo de estadía en la planta de beneficio y la presencia de contusiones cutáneas incrementan el riesgo de presentación de la condición PSE (p < 0,05). El tiempo de reposo en planta entre 12,1 y 36 h incrementó de 4,3 hasta 9,9 veces la incidencia de la condición PSE comparado con tiempos de estadía en planta entre 4 y 12 h. Además, el peso de los cerdos es un factor de riesgo que incrementó la incidencia de la condición PSE (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el tiempo de transporte no estuvo relacionado con la presencia de valores de pH bajos.Palabras clave: calidad de la carne, cerdos, estadía en la planta, estrés. EVALUACIÓN DE FACTORES DE RIESGO DE CARNE PÁLIDA, SUAVE Y EXUDATIVA (PSE) DEBIDO A LAS CONDICIONES PRESACRIFICIO EN CERDOS EVALUATION OF RISK FACTORS OF PALE, SOFT AND EXUDATIVE (PSE) MEAT DUE TO PRE-SLAUGHTER CONDITIONS IN PIGS ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to determine the effect of pigs' pre-slaughter handling on incidence of pale soft exudative (PSE) meat and describe risk factors. A total of 20 variables related to transport and preslaughter conditions were recorded over a three months period. A total of 134 lots (3,156 pigs) from a Colombian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. A multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors prior to slaughter. The pork quality was described as a binomial response (1: normal meat, 2: PSE condition). The incidence of PSE was 5.8%. The results indicate that weight, time of stay in the slaughter house and the presence of skin bruising increase the risk of PSE condition (p < 0.05). A downtime from 12.1 to 36 hours at the slaughterhouse increased the incidence of PSE condition from 4.3 to 9.9 times compared to downtime periods between 4 and 12 hours. Besides, the weight of pigs is a risk factor which increased the incidence of PSE condition (p < 0.05). However, the transport time was not related to low pH values.