Cathepsin K (CTSK) is secreted by osteoclasts to degrade collagen and other matrix proteins during bone resorption. Global deletion of Ctsk in mice decreases bone resorption, leading to osteopetrosis, but also increases the bone formation rate (BFR). To understand how Ctsk deletion increases the BFR, we generated osteoclast-and osteoblast-targeted Ctsk knockout mice using floxed Ctsk alleles. Targeted ablation of Ctsk in hematopoietic cells, or specifically in osteoclasts and cells of the monocyte-osteoclast lineage, resulted in increased bone volume and BFR as well as osteoclast and osteoblast numbers. In contrast, targeted deletion of Ctsk in osteoblasts had no effect on bone resorption or BFR, demonstrating that the increased BFR is osteoclast dependent. Deletion of Ctsk in osteoclasts increased their sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) expression. Conditioned media from Ctsk-deficient osteoclasts, which contained elevated levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), increased alkaline phosphatase and mineralized nodules in osteoblast cultures. An S1P 1,3 receptor antagonist inhibited these responses. Osteoblasts derived from mice with Ctsk-deficient osteoclasts had an increased RANKL/OPG ratio, providing a positive feedback loop that increased the number of osteoclasts. Our data provide genetic evidence that deletion of CTSK in osteoclasts enhances bone formation in vivo by increasing the generation of osteoclast-derived S1P.
Se evaluó un cultivo de hortensias de exportación en el municipio de La Ceja del Tambo (Antioquia, Colombia) a través de un Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). El alcance fue de la puerta a la puerta contemplando las etapas de siembra, cultivo y empacado. El inventario para el análisis fue obtenido a partir de observaciones de campo, relacionado con la base de datos Ecoinvent 3.3 y posteriormente procesado en el software Umberto NXT LCA 14. Las metodologías Recipe Midpoint y Endpoint se utilizaron para evaluar las cargas ambientales del sistema de producción sobre las diferentes categorías de impacto (ocupación del suelo, cambio climático, agotamiento de los recursos fósiles y agotamiento de los metales). Los resultados mostraron que la etapa de cultivo presentó el mayor impacto sobre el agotamiento de recursos fósiles con un valor de 1,08 kg petróleo Eq. Finalmente, mediante la toma de decisiones ambientales se realizaron las respectivas recomendaciones para la reducción de los impactos resultantes, principalmente en la etapa de cultivo. Se realizó una simulación con los cambios propuestos en el sistema productivo, logrando una reducción del 39% de los impactos ambientales totales del mismo.
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