Grief support for relatives of patients in palliative care is recognized as a fundamental practice within palliative medicine. The aim of this research was to determine the nature and extent of grief support programs offered to relatives of patients in palliative care in Spain. A postal survey was carried out among members of the Spanish Society of Palliative Care. The members' names were obtained through the Society's 2000 Directory, which lists 160 different teams, of which 50% answered a questionnaire made up of 34 questions, some open-ended and others multiple choice. Results show that 88.6% of the services include grief support, that mainly emotional and one-to-one care is provided (92.4 and 89.9%, respectively), and that the number of psychologists and social workers in each team is limited. The risk factors most commonly taken into account by professionals are: absence of family support (36.92%) and the bereaved's case history (21.54%); while the most widely used diagnostic criteria for complicated bereavement are blame and depression (12.5 and 11.36%). In conclusion, it can be seen that bereavement services are not completely consolidated in Spain and there is a need for a greater variety of intervention strategies.

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In this study was evaluated the effect of chronic hyperglycemia in the vascular response of thoracic aorta and pulmonary trunk in two strain rats. Chronic hyperglycemia was induced in male Wistar Kyoto (WK) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats for single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, ip.). After 8 weeks, body weight, glucose, systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP) and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) were measured. Thoracic aorta and pulmonary trunks were removed for vascular reactivity studies. Cumulative concentration‐response curves with phenylephrine (Phe) and Acetylcholine (ACh) were made in aorta and pulmonary rings. Glucose blood levels (mg/dl) were similar in both groups, 525±2 vs. 502±3. SABP in mmHg was increased in hyperglycemic SD compared to WK rats 160±2 vs. 140±2, while RVSP was higher in WK than SD rats 41±2.6 vs. 22±1.5 (P<0.001). Maximal tension contraction (g) response with Phe was higher in hyperglycemic SD against hyperglycemic WK aortic rings (2.1±0.1 vs. 1.2±0.1, P</a><0.001), with similar response in the pulmonary rings in both groups. ACh‐induced relaxation (%) response was reduced in SD aorta and pulmonary rings, 58±3 vs 66±4, and this response was attenuated inaorta 78±3, and pronounced in pulmonary rings, 49±3, from WK rats (P<0.001). The results shown that chronic hyperglycemia induce vascular damage predominantly in pulmonary artery in WK rats as consequence pulmonary hypertension, whereas in SD rats, systemic hypertension consecutive to aorta damage is mainly developed suggesting that a genetic factor determine the vascular damage induced by chronic hyperglycemia.

La violencia contra la mujer es tema pertinente para el análisis y la construcción de propuestas y alternativas de solución a este tipo de violencia que persiste en todos los escenarios, siendo más exacerbado e intenso en los espacios geográficos, sociales y culturales de conflicto armado en los que las mujeres son blanco de ataques propiciados por el hecho de “ser mujer” y que les revictimiza debido que se les impide ejercer sus derechos y libertades fundamentales, es decir su ciudadanía. El presente documento, teoriza en los temas de ciudadanía y acceso a la justicia a partir del enfoque de derechos humanos, evidenciando la articulación que existe entre estos componentes. Adicionalmente, describe las barreras de acceso a la justicia y presenta una reflexión que permite concluir que estos obstáculos impiden el ejercicio pleno de la ciudadanía a mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado, debido a que todos ellos obedecen a patrones sociales y culturales sobre los cuales se construyeron sociedades fundamentadas en las relaciones históricamente desiguales, de poder entre hombres y mujeres y se hallan anclados en la cultura patriarcal.

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