Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia artíCulo original resumen introducción: La hiperactividad simpática paroxística (HSP) es un trastorno poco estudiado y comprendido en pediatría, y se asocia principalmente a traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) e hipoxia. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por episodios autolimitados y recurrentes de hipertensión, taquicardia, taquipnea, hipertermia, sialorrea, midriasis, hiperhidrosis, disminución del nivel de conciencia y aumento del tono muscular con postura en extensión. En edad pediátrica se estima una prevalencia del 12-29%. objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del padecimiento en nuestra institución, la etiología, el tratamiento utilizado para su manejo y los hallazgos neurorradiológicos. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con los pacientes internados en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2002 y enero de 2017 en cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Se identificaron siete casos que cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos de HSP. resultados: La media de edad fue de 1 a 14 años y la etiología más frecuente estuvo asociada a paro cardiorrespiratorio. Iniciaron con el trastorno en un promedio de 21.74 días (DE ± 18.37), el tratamiento se inició en un promedio de 2.00 días (DE ± 2.07) y el tiempo de internamiento estuvo en un rango de 20-180 días -días de estancia en terapia con un rango de 10-40 días. Los fármacos utilizados para el control del padecimiento fueron propranolol (PPN), baclofeno, buprenorfina (BPN) y gabapentina (GBP), con los que se logró el control en un promedio de 5.14 días (desviación estándard (DE) ± 2.17). Los hallazgos más frecuentes en resonancia magnética fueron lesiones hipóxico-isquémicas en sustancia blanca, núcleos de la base y tálamos. Conclusiones: La HSP es un padecimiento grave que se asocia a una alta morbimortalidad. La prevalencia en nuestra serie fue del 1.12%, muy baja si se compara con lo reportado por otros autores. Se debe realizar un consenso para establecer los criterios diagnósticos y el tratamiento en la población pediátrica.
Background: Vanishing white matter disease is one of the most frequent leukodystrophies in childhood with autosomal recessive inheritance. A mutation in one of the genes encoding the five subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF2B5) is present in 90% of the cases. The diagnosis can be made by clinical and neuroradiological findings and molecular tests. Case report: We describe a thirteen-month-old male with previous normal neurodevelopment, who was hospitalized for vomiting, hyperthermia, and irritability. On examination, cephalic perimeter and cranial nerves were normal. Hypotonia, increased deep tendon reflexes, generalized white matter hypodensity on head tomography were found. Fifteen days after discharge, he suffered a minor head trauma presenting drowsiness and focal seizures. Magnetic resonance showed generalized white matter hypointensity. Vanishing white matter disease was suspected, and confirmed by sequencing of the EIF2B5 gene, revealing a homozygous c.318A> T mutation in exon 2. Subsequently, visual acuity was lost and cognitive, and motor deterioration was evident. The patient died at six years of age due to severe pneumonia. Conclusions: This case contributes to the knowledge of the mutational spectrum of VWM in Mexican patients and allows extension of the phenotype associated to this mutation.
Neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune demyelinating astrocytopathy of the central nervous system that primarily affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. It is considered a multifactorial disease associated with antibodies against aquaporin 4, with complement cascade activation and lymphocytic infiltration leading to axonal loss and causing significant morbidity and disability. In addition, cases of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system have been described after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, mainly acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Also, a few cases of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, mostly aquaporin 4+, have been reported. We describe a patient who developed symptoms suggestive of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis the next day after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Three months later, a longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis compatible with aquaporin 4+ neuromyelitis optica was successfully treated with an interleukin 6 inhibitor. There is no proven association and research is needed to establish whether optic neuromyelitis is related to vaccination; this is a single case report from which no conclusion can be drawn.
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