SUMMARY An analysis of published data suggests that the N2‐fixing symbiotic vascular plants extrude more H+ per unit N fixed than would be expected from data on the same genotypes growing on NH4+ if the plants had the same chemical composition when grown on the two N sources. The H+/N ratio with urea as the N source is similar to that with N2. The higher H+/N ratio and higher organic acid/N ratio with N2 or urea as N source implies higher whole‐plant energy and water costs per unit of biomass and, ultimately, inclusive fitness, produced. The rhizosphere acidification resulting from H+ extrusion may serve to change rhizosphere pH to some ‘optimal’ value, and to increase the availability of such limiting resources as P, Mo and Fe which are especially needed in diazotrophy. Data in the literature are consistent with these possibilities in the few cases examined. Within the plant, data on xylem and phloem sap composition in conjunction with shoot composition, of diazotrophically‐growing legumes suggest that shoot acid‐base homoiostasis can be maintained via the import of appropriate solutes in the xylem and the export of appropriate solutes in the phloem. Acid‐base regulation of the nodules in the absence of any H+ exchange with their environment can also probably be explained in terms of the solutes supplied in the phloem and exported in the xylem. This conclusion is based on data in the literature on the composition of stem phloem sap and of xylem sap exuding from detached nodules of diazotrophic vascular plants. These considerations do not exclude the possibility of net H+ efflux from nodules fixing N2 in contact with an aqueous medium. The limited data available are consistent with extrusion of some of the H+ generated in nodules as an alternative to their neutralization by metabolism of organic anions entering in the phloem. Such H+ extrusion by nodules could aid in their acquisition of Fe from the medium, albeit not always at a phase in the life or the nodule when there is a net requirement for Fe.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de bactérias diazotróficas com ou sem molibdênio em duas cultivares de arroz com diferentes potenciais de fixação biológica de nitrogênio. Dois experimentos foram montados: o primeiro foi conduzido em condições gnotobióticas, com utilização das estirpes BR 11417 (ZAE94 -Herbaspirillum seropedicae) e BR 11340 (M130 -Burkholderia sp.), duas doses de molibdênio, 1,12 e 2,25 g, e duas fontes, molibdato de sódio e molibdato de amônio. As sementes foram peletizadas com inoculante turfoso com bactérias diazotróficas e o molibdênio. Em seguida as cultivares foram plantadas em tubos de ensaio com capacidade para 120 mL com 60 mL da solução de Hoagland sem nitrogênio por 30 dias. Foi avaliada a matéria seca das plantas. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em vasos em casa de vegetação, com as mesmas estirpes e dosagens de molibdênio. Foram avaliados a produção e o N total dos grãos. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e quatro plantas por vaso. Foram observados aumentos na produção de grãos nas cultivares IR42 e IAC4440 de 88 e 57%, respectivamente, com a adição ao inoculante turfoso, das estirpes ZAE94 e M130 com molibdênio.Termos para indexação: Oriza sativa, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Burkholderia, molibdato de sódio, molibdato de amônio. Addition of molybdenum in peat innoculum with diazotrophic bacteria used in two rice cultivarsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria associated with the molybdenum in two rice cultivars. Two experiments were performed: the first one was lead under gnotobiotics conditions, using Herbaspirillum seropedicae, strain BR 11417 and Burkholderia sp., strain BR 11340, two doses of molybdenum (1.12 and 2.25 g) and two different sources of Mo -sodium molybdate and ammonium molybdate. The seeds were pelleted with peat containing diazotrophic bacteria and molybdenum. After inoculations were seeds planted in to test tubes with capacity for 120 mL content 60 mL Hoagland solution without nitrogen. Seedlings were harvested after 30 days and plant dry weight was evaluated. The second experiment was held in greenhouse with the same strains, sources and amount of molybdenum. The production and the total N of the rice grains were evaluated. Statistical design was completely randomized with four replication and four plants per pot were planted. Grain production increased with the inoculation in the cultivars IR42 and IAC4440 up to 88 and 57%, respectively.
Resumo Dois experimentos em casa de vegetação foram conduzidos visando identificar parâmetros morfológicos ligados à tolerância ao alumínio (Al) e estabelecer a concentração de Al e o tempo de cultivo suficientes para a expressão da tolerância ao Al, em duas cultivares de arroz, em solução nutritiva. Plantas de determinado comprimento radicular máximo foram transferidas para solução nutritiva com quatro concentrações de Al (0, 80, 160 e 320 µmol L -1 ), a pH 4,0. Em cada coleta, foram medidos o comprimento máximo radicular, área radicular, área foliar e massa seca de raízes e parte aérea. Apenas os parâmetros morfológicos ligados ao sistema radicular possibilitaram o reconhecimento da tolerância diferencial das cultivares; a elongação radicular relativa foi a medida mais sensível. Quatro dias de exposição ao Al foram suficientes para a detecção da tolerância diferencial por meio da elongação radicular relativa. Os procedimentos estabelecidos nos experimentos podem ser utilizados para a avaliação de um número maior de cultivares.Termos para indexação: Oryza sativa, sistema radicular, elongação, solução nutritiva. Morphological parameters to determine differential tolerance of rice cultivars to aluminium toxicityAbstract Two nutrient solution greenhouse experiments were conducted to identify morphological parameters that express Al tolerance and to determine the influence of period of plant growth and Al concentration necessary for tolerance discrimination, in two rice cultivars. Plants of known maximum root length were transferred to nutrient solution at four levels of Al (0, 80, 160 and 320 µmol L -1 ) with a pH 4.0. In each collection, the new maximum root length was measured in addition to root and leaf areas, and root and shoot dry weights. Only the morphological parameters related to the root system differentiated Al tolerance of the cultivars, and relative root elongation was the most sensitive. Four days of exposure to Al were sufficient to detect differences in Al tolerance by means of relative root elongation. The methods established in this study can be useful in evaluating larger number of cultivars.
RESUMO -Dentre os veículos de inoculação de bactérias diazotróficas, o turfoso é considerado o mais utilizado no Brasil. A turfa possibilita a viabilidade de um grande número de células, protegendo-as também das adversidades do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do inoculante turfoso desenvolvido com bactérias diazotróficas associativas e molibdênio. As bactérias BR11417 (Herbaspirillum seropedicae) e BR11340 (Burkholderia sp.), foram multiplicadas por um período de 24 horas e uma alíquota de 10 mL com 10 8 cel. mL -1 foi transferida para sacos de polipropileno contendo 35 g de turfa. Foram adicionadas duas doses e duas fontes de molibdênio: 1,12 e 2,25 g de molibdato de sódio e de amônio, respectivamente. Como controle, foi utilizado o inoculante sem molibdênio. A legislação brasileira, por meio da lei n° 86955, especifica que os inoculantes comerciais à base de micro-organismos fixadores de nitrogênio apresentem concentrações mínimas de 10 8 células viáveis por grama do produto no momento do uso e que a viabilidade das células seja mantida por um período mínimo de seis meses. Este estudo mostrou que sem a adição do molibdênio ao inoculante, as bactérias sobreviveram com um número de células viáveis em torno de 10 8 células g -1 de inoculante, por um período de até 110 dias. Com a adição do molibdênio, o inoculante manteve-se viável por um período de 180 dias. A aplicação do molibdênio contribui para o aumento da viabilidade do inoculante turfoso produzido com as estirpes BR11417 e BR11340. Palavras-chave:Bactérias. Inoculação. Molibdênio.ABSTRACT -Among the vehicles in use for diazotroph inoculation, peat is considered the most-widely used in Brazil. Peat makes possible the viability of a large number of cells, at the same time protecting them from adversities found in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of peat inoculum developed with diazotroph bacteria and molybdenum. The bacteria BR11417 (Herbaspirillum seropedicae) and BR11340 (Burkholderia sp.) were allowed to multiply for a period of 24 hours, and a sample of 10 ml with 10 8 cel. mL -1 was transferred to polypropylene bags containing 35 g of peat. Two dosages and two sources of molybdenum were then added: 1.12 and 2.25 g of sodium molybdate and ammonium molybdate respectively. Inoculum with no molybdenum was used as control. With law No. 86955, Brazilian legislation specifies that commercial inoculants based on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms have minimum concentrations of 10 8 viable cells per gram of product at the time of use, and that viability of the cells be maintained for a period of at least six months. This study showed that without the addition of molybdenum to the inoculum, bacteria survived with a viable-cell total of about 10 8 cells g -1 of inoculum for a period of up to 110 days. With the addition of molybdenum, the inoculum remained viable for a period of 180 days. The application of molybdenum contributes to the increased viability of peat inoculum produced with the bacterial strains...
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