Oxidative stress condition arises during imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants of diverse origin damaging both structure and function of tissues. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a cofactor during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection course involved in many aspects of disease pathogenesis as viral replication, inflammatory responses, decreased immune cell proliferation, loss of immune function, cellular apoptosis, chronic weight loss, and increased sensitivity to drug toxicity.In this review, we provide an overview of the oxidative metabolism pathways involved in HIV infection, examine the potential impact of antirretroviral toxicity on oxidative damage and argue how the response contribute to co-morbidities. Moreover, we also discuss recent reports from observational and interventional studies which have led to an increasing interest in the possible benefits of micronutrient supplementation as a cost-effective strategy for improving oxidative and nutritional status in HIV infection. The general strategy and combination of these interventions represent an important complementary deal for HIV infection treatment in the era of high active antiretroviral therapy.
Patients with a final diagnosis of NIFTP are less likely to have preoperative FNA diagnosis of malignancy than those with final pathology of classical or other variants of PTC. Surgeons should take this into consideration when considering between a lobectomy and total thyroidectomy for patients with suspected PTC.
Rationale
Quantifying cellular proteins in ventricular myocytes (MCs) is challenging due to tissue heterogeneity and the variety of cell sizes in the heart. In post-weaning cardiac ontogeny, rod-shaped MCs make up the majority of the cardiac mass while remaining a minority of cardiac cells in number. Current biochemical analyses of cardiac proteins do not correlate well the content of MC-specific proteins to cell type or size in normally developing tissue.
Objective
To develop a new MC-specific large-particle fluorescent-activated cell sorting (LP-FACS) strategy for the purification of adult rod-shaped MCs. This approach is developed to enable growth-scaled measurements per-cell of the MC proteome and sarcomeric protein (i.e. myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and alpha-actin (α-actin)) content.
Methods and Results
Individual cardiac cells were isolated from 21-94 days old mice. An LP-FACS jet-in-air system with a 200-μm nozzle was defined by the first time to purify adult MCs. Cell-type specific immunophenotyping and sorting yielded ≥95% purity of adult MCs independently of cell morphology and size. This approach excluded other cell types and tissue contaminants from further analysis. MC proteome, MyHC and α-actin proteins were measured in linear biochemical assays normalized to cell numbers. Using the allometric coefficient α, we scaled the MC-specific rate of protein accumulation to growth post-weaning. MC-specific volumes (α=1.02) and global protein accumulation (α=0.94) were proportional (i.e. isometric) to body mass. In contrast, MyHC and α-actin accumulated at a much greater rate (i.e. hyperallometric) than body mass (α= 1.79 and 2.19 respectively) and MC volumes (α= 1.76 and 1.45 respectively).
Conclusion
Changes in MC proteome and cell volumes measured in LP-FACS purified MCs are proportional to body mass post-weaning. Oppositely, MyHC and α-actin are concentrated more rapidly than what would be expected from MC proteome accumulation, cell enlargement, or animal growth alone. LP-FACS provides a new standard for adult MC purification and an approach to scale the biochemical content of specific proteins or group of proteins per cell in enlarging MCs.
Aim: To compare perioperative opioid consumption for patients undergoing mastectomy surgery with or without pectoralis nerve (PECS) plane blocks. Patients & methods: Retrospective study evaluating 152 adult females with mastectomies. Demographics, postanesthesia care unit stay duration and opioid consumption data at three time points were collected and analyzed for statistical significance. Results: 98 patients were included in the PECS block group, 54 patients were in the general anesthesia only group. Age and BMI were comparable. Total perioperative intravenous opioid consumption was less in the PECS block group (50.88 mg) compared with the general anesthesia only group (67.83 mg), p < 0.001. Conclusion: Acute pain after mastectomy is often severe. PECS plane block may decrease perioperative opioid consumption after mastectomy surgery compared with general anesthesia alone.
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