Purpose – Using Anthropological methodology to achieve an understanding from a “local point of view” the purpose of this paper is to explore how safety is established in what clearly is, at least from the outside, a risky everyday. Floods are a recurring problem for people in Jakarta. However, for poor families living on river banks in the city center the floods also constitute a necessary condition to create a viable livelihood. The floods keep land grabbers and urban developers at bay and keep costs for living low. For the families living in these areas there is a constant “trade off” between safety and risk taking with the purpose to create a living. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology applied in the paper is conventional Anthropological field work. The material is collected through participant observation and formal interviews. The data produced are of an experience near quality which is analyzed in terms of how it addresses and relate to the infrastructural policies of Jakarta and the specific project of normalizing the river Ciliwung. Findings – The fact that people perceive floods as normal part of everyday life does not mean that they are unproblematic. Furthermore, the flood mitigation programs that authorities claim are “normalizing” the river system actually increase riverbank settler’s problems. Research limitations/implications – Additional long-term field work on conditions for political mobilization inside and outside the formal political system in urban Jakarta is needed to better understand why organized resistance seldom materializes and how to strengthen the bargaining capacity of local communities in urban planning processes. Social implications – As flood mitigation programs demand relocation of people, the argument forwarded in the paper is that general social and economic security systems have to be strengthened, enhancing capacity for mobility, before instigating flood mitigation programs. Originality/value – Studies of disasters and risk often portray local subjects as either victims or losers. In this paper a more nuanced picture is presented. Vulnerability as well as livelihood is related to floods. The paradoxical situation is that people’s vulnerability as well as safety is related to their embeddedness in local socio-economic networks. People are dependent on specific networks and a specific space to produce a livelihood. However, the same embeddedness makes their livelihood vulnerable to the demands of being relocated. If relocated their networks are scattered. Just offering alternative living space and economical remuneration for lost property is not sufficient to replace a lost livelihood. Relocation without a new form for subsistence economy creates new forms of vulnerability. Hence, relocation rather than flood is perceived as the main danger by people living on river banks in Jakarta.

Elementary school students' achievement in natural science in the academic year of 2015/2016 at Cluster V, Buleleng regency, Bali province was considerably low. An early observation also revealed low motivation, negative attitudes towards teachers, low self-esteem and low confidence in self-capability. Therefore, a breakthrough approach was urgently required to improve the students' performance in natural science learning. The current article aimed at investigating the effects of the (Nature of Science) NOS-oriented cooperative learning model with the Numbered Head Together (NHT) on the elementary school students' achievement in natural science. The study was a quasi-experimental research adopting the post-test only control group design. The research conducted in elementary schools in Cluster V Buleleng sub-district, Buleleng regency, Bali, Indonesia. The research subject was 137 students in Grade 5 consisting of six classes from 5 elementary schools. The hypothesis was examined using an inferential statistics, the t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the learning results of natural science between the students taught with the NOS-oriented cooperative learning model with the NHT type and those with the conventional learning model (t count = 7,048 >t table = 2,000). The students taught with the NOS-oriented constructive learning model with the NHT type achieved better than those with the conventional learning model. Therefore, it concluded that the NOS-oriented cooperative learning model with the NHT type gave positive effects on the fifth year students' achievement in natural science learning.

It has long been recognised that poor, marginalised groups are the most vulnerable to hazards related to climate change. Several recent studies have suggested that such communities may be doubly vulnerable when interventions are carried out to make climate-change-related adaptations. Climate-change interventions may be “maladaptive” and may further “injure” vulnerable communities. Although such findings are troubling, little empirical research has been conducted to explore how and where climate change interventions and discourses are shaping and being shaped by social stratification, inclusion and exclusion. This article therefore aims to contribute to our understanding of the negative (side-)effects of climate change interventions for vulnerable social groups. We investigate this issue in the context of climate change and increased flood risk in Jakarta, Indonesia. Our analysis of two cases of intervention shows how these are “maladaptations”. Flood policies in Jakarta are clearly failing to mitigate risk for the city’s poorest populations and are instead compounding the risks they face with those of eviction and increased poverty. The data on which this paper is based were collected during a total of one-and-a-half years of anthropological fieldwork conducted by the authors between 2010 and 2015.

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