A model for the γp → π + π − p reaction developed earlier is extended to account for all isospin channels. The model includes N , ∆(1232), N * (1440) and N * (1520) as intermediate baryonic states and the ρ-meson as an intermediate 2π resonance. Although many terms contribute to the cross section, some channels exhibit particular sensitivity to certain mechanisms of resonance excitation or decay and the reactions provide novel information on such mechanisms. In particular the γN → N * (1520) → ∆π process affects all the channels and is a key ingredient in the interpretation of the data. Comparison is made with all available data and the agreement is good in some channels. The remaining discrepancies in some other channels are discussed.

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The influence of the cross-linking degree on the dynamics of the segmental motions close to the glass transition of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, networks was investigated by three different mechanical spectroscopy techniques: thermally stimulated recovery (TSR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and creep. The application of the time-temperature superposition principle to isothermal DMA and creep results permitted to successfully construct master curves for PMMA networks with distinct cross-linking degrees. The former results were fitted to the KWW equation. The obtained variation of KWW for the distinct networks indicated that the relaxation curves tend to broaden as the cross-linking degree increases. TSR results clearly revealed a significant shift of the R-relaxation to longer times and a broader relaxation as the cross-linking degree increases, what was also observed by DMA and creep. A change from a Vogel to an Arrhenius behavior was detected by the three techniques with the decrease of temperature below T g. The temperature dependence of the apparent activation energies (Ea) was calculated from DMA, creep, and TSR experiments; above Tg a good agreement was seen between the Ea values for all the techniques. Furthermore, the effect of the cross-linking degree on the fragility of PMMA networks was evaluated. For these materials an increase of fragility with increasing cross-linking degree was observed.

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