RESUMO(Análise florística do compartimento arbóreo de áreas de floresta atlântica sensu lato na região das Bacias do Leste (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro)) As variações da composição da flora arbórea de 60 áreas de floresta atlântica sensu lato (ombrófilas e semidecíduas) da região das Bacias do Leste, englobando o sul da Bahia, o Espírito Santo, o leste de Minas Gerais e o norte do Rio de Janeiro, são analisadas em articulação com variáveis geográficas e climáticas. Listagens de espécies são fornecidas para 16 destas áreas. Análises multivariadas detectaram três padrões de distribuição. (a) A diferenciação entre florestas ombrófilas e semidecíduas na região é floristicamente consistente e fortemente correlacionada com a sazonalidade do regime de chuvas. A flora arbórea das florestas semidecíduas é, em boa medida, um subconjunto da flora das florestas ombrófilas, extraindo espécies provavelmente mais eficientes em resistir e competir sob condições de seca mais prolongada. (b) Existe uma diferenciação latitudinal tanto para florestas ombrófilas e semidecíduas, que aproxima floristicamente as duas fisionomias dentro da mesma faixa latitudinal. Este padrão é causado provavelmente por variações térmicas e pluviométricas. As florestas ombrófilas são interrompidas no norte fluminense devido ao clima estacional, mas isto não tem como contrapartida uma disjunção na distribuição de espécies arbóreas. (c) As variações da altitude estão fortemente correlacionadas com a diferenciação interna tanto das florestas ombrófilas como das semidecíduas. Palavras-chave: fitogeografia, flora arbórea, Brasil Oriental, Mata Atlântica. ABSTRACT(Floristic analysis of the tree component of atlantic forest areas in Central Eastern Brazil) Variations in tree species composition of 60 areas of atlantic forest sensu lato (rain-and semideciduous forests) of Central-Eastern Brazil are analyzed in combination with geographic and climatic variables. Floristic checklists are provided for 16 areas. Multivariate analyses detected three main distribution patterns. (a) Differentiation between rain-and semideciduous forests in the region is floristically consistent and strongly correlated with rainfall seasonality. To a considerable extent, the tree flora of semideciduous forests is a subset of that of rainforests, extracting species that are more efficient in coping with a longer dry season. (b) There is a latitudinal differentiation for both rain-and semideciduous forests, that draws the two physiognomies together floristically present within the same latitudinal range. This pattern is probably caused by variations of both temperature and rainfall. The rainforests are interrupted in northern Rio de Janeiro state, due to the seasonal climate, but this has no counterpart in disrupted species distribution. (c) Variations in altitude are strongly correlated to internal variations of both rain-and semideciduous forests.
The effects of human impact and environmental heterogeneity on the tree species diversity were assessed in 20 fragments of tropical montane seasonal forest in southeastern Brazil. Previous surveys of the tree community, soils and topography of the fragments provided the bulk of the data. The diversity parameters used were the means of species richness, Shannon diversity (H¢), and Pielou evenness (J¢) obtained from ''bootstrap'' sub-samplings of 1,000 trees. Morphometric variables obtained for the fragments included total, edge, and inner areas. Investigation forms were used to survey the history of human interventions and prepare an impacts matrix containing scores assigned to assess the extent, severity and duration of selected impacts. Scores for overall environmental impacts were obtained from the ordination scores produced by a multivariate analysis of the impacts matrix. A multivariate analysis of the standard deviations of soil variables was used to identify the variable which contributed most to soil heterogeneity. The same procedure was repeated for the variables related to topography and ground-water regime. The three species diversity parameters were related to the proportions of edges, the overall impacts scores, and the standard deviations of two selected soil and topographic variables. The species diversity in the fragments increased with increasing heterogeneity of both soil chemical properties and topographic features, and decreased with increasing proportion of forest edges. The evenness component of species diversity also increased with increasing severity of overall environmental impacts. This probably occurred because the 20 fragments did not include highly disturbed forests in the range and the intermediate disturbance effect on species diversity was therefore detected.
RESUMO:Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de validar os focos de calor utilizados no monitoramento de queimadas. Para isso, mapearam-se as queimadas ocorridas em seis Unidades de Conservação, localizadas no norte do estado de Minas Gerais, no período de 03 de setembro a 05 de outubro de 2008, por meio da segmentação semiautomática de imagens LandSat 5 TM. Foram mapeadas 190 queimadas e averiguada sua detecção pelos satélites por meio dos focos de calor gerados operacionalmente pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais -INPE. Também foram analisadas por classe de tamanho, a fim de verificar qual a influência do tamanho das queimadas na detecção. A análise da distância dos focos aos limites das queimadas foi feita por meio de faixas equidistantes ("buffers"), com incremento de 1,00 km em cada classe até o limite de 9,00 km. Das cicatrizes de queimadas analisadas, aproximadamente 26,00% foram detectadas, demonstrando limitações do sistema em detectar aquelas menores que 100,00 ha. Apesar dessa limitação, grande parte da área impactada foi detectada, perfazendo um total de acerto de aproximadamente 71,00%. Os resultados de erros de localização foram considerados satisfatórios, tendo em vista as limitações técnicas da resolução espacial dos sensores utilizados. Essas informações geram subsídios ao avanço tecnológico do monitoramento orbital.Palavras-chave: Sensoriamento remoto, incêndios florestais, unidades de conservação. VALIDATION OF HOTSPOTS UTILIZED IN THE ORBITAL MONITORING OF BURNT AREAS BY MEANS OF TM IMAGES INTRODUÇÃOA necessidade de avançar continuamente no controle às queimadas em ambientes naturais fomenta a produção de tecnologias que possibilitam monitorar suas ocorrências no planeta. Atualmente, análises geradas em sistemas de informações geográficas com dados derivados de sensoriamento remoto propiciam uma ampla visão sobre distribuição temporal, espacial e padrões das queimadas em diferentes escalas, permitindo estudar as interações do fogo com as relações culturais e sócioambientais.
The loss in forest area due to human occupancy is not the only threat to the remaining biodiversity: forest fragments are susceptible to additional human impact. Our aim was to investigate the effect of human impact on tree community features (species composition and abundance, and structural descriptors) and check if there was a decrease in the number of slender trees, an increase in the amount of large trees, and also a reduction in the number of tree species that occur in 20 fragments of Atlantic montane semideciduous forest in southeastern Brazil. We produced digital maps of each forest fragment using Landsat 7 satellite images and processed the maps to obtain morphometric variables. We used investigative questionnaires and field observations to survey the history of human impact. We then converted the information into scores given to the extent, severity, and duration of each impact, including proportional border area, fire, trails, coppicing, logging, and cattle, and converted these scores into categorical levels. We used linear models to assess the effect of impacts on tree species abundance distribution and stand structural descriptors. Part of the variation in floristic patterns was significantly correlated to the impacts of fire, logging, and proportional border area. Structural descriptors were influenced by cattle and outer roads. Our results provided, for the first time, strong evidence that tree species occurrence and abundance, and forest structure of Atlantic seasonal forest fragments respond differently to various modes of disturbance by humans.
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