Thermal protection systems (TPS) are used to protect spacecraft payloads during the extreme conditions of atmospheric entry. The backbone of the composite TPS material used in the NASA Stardust Sample Return Capsule and the Mars 2020 mission is carbon fiber, which oxidizes at these temperatures and atmospheric conditions. This study presents the direct observation of carbon oxidation using in situ Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). A thin section of a commercially-available carbon fiber material containing multiple carbon structures was examined by STEM in a closed-environmental cell in which temperature was raised from 25 to 1050àC under a steady flow of air. Results show that the random polycrystalline carbon structure oxidized more uniformly and rapidly than the single crystallite region, which oxidized more anisotropically. These findings are the first to directly observe the structural dependence of carbon oxidation rates at these length-scales while also giving important insight into the onset of pitting at various active surface sites, important pieces in fundamentally understanding of carbon oxidation.