SynopsisWe evaluated morphological differentiation among populations of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from the Limia and Min˜o basins (Galicia, NW Spain), the river Karup (Denmark) and Aiguamolls de l'Emporda`(Girona, northeast Spain), using multivariate analysis of morphometric and meristic characters. Multivariate discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis uncovered significant differences among the four main groups, between the two groups from Galicia and among populations within the Min˜o basin. The stickleback from Galicia differed from the Danish group in head and body armour characters. Between the Min˜o and Limia groups, we found differences in both head and body proportions as well as in number of gill rakers. Within the Min˜o basin populations varied with respect to head and body armour traits and the number of lower gill rakers. Clustering analysis divided these populations into two groups based on the latter trait: fish from the upper section of river Min˜o and tributaries (a lower number of lower gill rakers) and fish from the central and lower reaches of the river. Overall, morphometric traits were more useful than meristic ones; however, the two types of data provided congruent information about the morphological differentiation of stickleback populations.

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A B S T R A C TThis paper shows an integrated assessment for energy planning and climate change mitigation in Mexico, as an international case study. The Mexico 2050 Calculator was used to run a number of low carbon future scenarios by 2050. The calculator consists of a whole-systems model, which combines the main sectors of the Mexican economy into a single visual tool. By integrating energy and carbon dynamics across all sectors and carrying out a sensitivity analysis of the entire model, we compare four low carbon energy scenarios to assess current energy policy strategies in the country. The methodology proposed in this paper can also be applied to any other nation, particularly to those with similar models already available. Our findings show the relative impact of each sector and their various interactions for achieving Mexico's ratified climate commitments. The paper also includes policy recommendations and highlights the need for scaling-up energy efficiency policy efforts in industry and transport, for having a higher focus on agricultural and land use policies, and for promoting integrated renewable energy policies.

A library of 4,6-diaryl-1,4-dihydropyridines was synthesized using a CAN-catalyzed, Hantzsch-related three component reaction starting from ammonium acetate, b-dicarbonyl compounds and a variety of a,bunsaturated ketones including chalcones, their vinylogs and heteroanalogues. These compounds lack the structural features needed for vascular activity and were found to prevent calcium overload and behave as neuroprotective agents. One of the compounds, bearing a 2-thienyl substituent at C-4, showed the highest neuroprotective activity and was also a moderate antioxidant, being a good lead compound for further studies in this area.

ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la fiabilidad intra-participante de tres modelos de GPS (Global Positioning System) MinimaxX (Catapult Innovations, Australia), SPI10 y WiSpi (GPSports, Australia) que operan a una frecuencia de 5,1 y 1 Hz, respectivamente. Se midieron distancias recorridas a distintas intensidades a 5 jugadores de fútbol (edad, 20,1 ± 1,2 años; altura, 176,3 ± 9,9 cm; peso, 63,5 ± 8,4 kg) en un partido de entrenamiento de 33 min, en un campo de fútbol-7 (6 jugadores de campo y 1 portero). La distancia total recorrida (DT) media fue de 3.288,8 m para los modelos MinimaxX, 3.050,3 m para el WiSPI y de 3.247,5 m para el SPI10. La velocidad máxima obtenida por cada modelo fue de 30.3 km·h -1 en los dispositivos MinimaxX, y de 25,1 y de 25.2 km·h -1 en los dispositivos WiSPI y SPI10, respectivamente. Se estimó el coeficiente de variación (CV) entre los 3 modelos estudiados para la distancia recorrida en cada uno de los 4 niveles de velocidad, así como para la distancia total recorrida, y la velocidad media y máxima, siendo el tamaño de la muestra la principal limitación. En base a los resultados podemos concluir que los diferentes dispositivos presentan una alta fiabilidad para medir la distancia total recorrida y las recorridas en categorías de baja velocidad. Sin embargo la velocidad de los desplazamientos realizados durante el partido condiciona la fiabilidad de los diferentes dispositivos, aumentando la dispersión de las medidas obtenidas (CV) a medida que se incrementa la velocidad de carrera; especialmente cuando se supera la velocidad de 13 km·h -1 .Palabras clave: tecnología GPS, análisis del movimiento, fiabilidad, fútbol. AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the intra-participant reliability of three models of GPS (global positioning system) devices: MinimaxX (Catapult Innovations, Australia), SPI10 and WiSPI (GPSports, Australia) operating at a sampling rate of 5, 1 and 1 Hz, respectively. Distances traveled were measured at different intensities for 5 soccer players (age: 20.1 ± 1.2 years; height: 176.3 ± 9.9 cm, weight: 63.5 ± 8.4 kg) in a training match lasting 33 min, played on a 7-a-side soccer field. The teams were composed of 6 field players and a goalkeeper. The average total distance traveled (DT) was 3288.8 m according to the MinimaxX models, 3050.5 m according to the WiSPI and 3247.5 m according to the SPI10. The maximum speed obtained by each model was 30.3 km·h -1 for the MinimaxX devices, and 25.1 and 25.2 km·h -1 for the WiSPI and SPI10 devices, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) was estimated between the three models of devices that were studied for the distance traveled in each of the 4 levels of speed as well as for the total distance, and the average and maximum speed. The sample size was the main limitation of the study. Based on our results we conclude that the different devices have a high reliability for measuring the total distance and the distances covered in low-speed categories. However, it is observed that the speed of travel du...