This paper introduces an assessment of the representation of shape parameter measurements on theoretical particles. The aim of the study was to establish a numerical method for estimating sphericity, roundness, and roughness on artificially designed particles and to evaluate their interdependence. The parameters studied included a fractal dimension (FD), solidity (So), Wadell's roundness (Rw), a perimeter-area normalized ratio (¥), and sphericity (S). The methods of the work included: (a) the design of theoretical particles with different shapes, (b) the definition of optimal analysis conditions for automated measurements, (c) the quantification of particle parameters by computer vision-based image processing, and (d) the evaluation of interdependence between the parameters. The study established the minimum sizes required for analysis of the particle shape. These varied depending on the method used (150 pixels or 50 pixels). Evaluating the relationships between the parameters showed that FD and So are independent of S. Nevertheless, Rw and ¥ are clearly dependent on S and, thus, must be numerically corrected to Rwc and ¥c. FD, So, Rwc, and ¥c were used to establish, mathematically, a new regularity parameter (RBC) that reflects the degree of roundness of a particle. The process was applied to a case study and the evaluation of all parameters corroborated previous petrographic characterizations. Minerals 2019, 9, 768 2 of 21 corners of the particle. Six categories of roundness for sediment grains have been established and, for each category, one grain of low and one of high sphericity was introduced [3,6-9]. The six categories are: Very angular, angular, subangular, sub-rounded, rounded, and well-rounded. Two-dimensional particle shape measurements are particularly applicable when individual particles cannot be extracted from the rock matrix (e.g., thin sections under an optical microscope). Microscopic images are two-dimensional. Therefore, they only show part of the shape of the three-dimensional particle. The assessed image is usually of particles lying on their most stable plane on a flat support, i.e., showing the largest projection area.Traditionally, roundness indices compare the outline of a 2D projection of the particle to a circle. The first comparison defines the roundness as the ratio ri/R, which was shown in [10] (where ri is the radius of the sharpest corner, and R is the radius of the smallest circumscribing sphere). On the other hand, [11] defined the roundness parameter based on the radius of the curvature of particle corners and the radius of the largest inscribed sphere.[6] and [7] used comparison charts with a class limit table for roundness. Some authors considered angularity to be the opposite of roundness, while others considered the degree of angularity [12] to be a combination of the angular relationship between the planes bounding a corner and the distance of the corner from the center of the particle. The overall particle form heavily influences the method. In addition, [12] presente...

The Lisbon metropolitan area (LMA, central-west of Portugal) has been severely affected by different geohazards (flooding episodes, landslides, subsidence, and earthquakes) that have generated considerable damage to properties and infrastructures, in the order of millions of euros per year. This study is focused on the analysis of subsidence, as related to urban and industrial activity. Utilizing the A-DInSAR dataset and applying active deformation areas (ADA) processing at the regional scale has allowed us to perform a detailed analysis of subsidence phenomena in the LMA. The dataset consisted of 48 ascending and 61 descending SAR IW-SLC images acquired by the Sentinel-1 A satellite between January 2018 and April 2020. The line-of-sight (LOS), mean deformation velocity (VLOS) maps (mm year−1), and deformation time series (mm) were obtained via the Geohazard Exploitation Platform service of the European Space Agency. The maximum VLOS detected, with ascending and descending datasets, were −38.0 and −32.2 mm year−1, respectively. ADA processing over the LMA allowed for 592 ascending and 560 descending ADAs to be extracted and delimited. From the VLOS measured in both trajectories, a vertical velocity with a maximum value of −32.4 mm year−1 was estimated. The analyzed subsidence was associated to four ascending and three descending ADAs and characterized by maximum VLOS of −25.5 and −25.2 mm year−1. The maximum vertical velocity associated with urban subsidence was −32.4 mm year−1. This subsidence is mainly linked to the compaction of the alluvial and anthropic deposits in the areas where urban and industrial sectors are located. The results of this work have allowed to: (1) detect and assess, from a quantitative point of view, the subsidence phenomena in populated and industrial areas of LMA; (2) establish the relationships between the subsidence phenomena and geological and hydrological characteristics.

<p>The Tazones Lighthouse landslide is an active mass movement affecting a stretch of the Cantabrian Coast (N Spain), characterized by the presence of almost vertical rocky cliffs developed on Jurassic rocks. The area is being monitored since 2018 when irreversible structural damages appeared in a building located in the surroundings of the lighthouse because of the fast evolution of the landslide.</p><p> </p><p>On June 2018, the first 24 topographic marks were installed by the COSINES Project researchers and 10 more were set up on December of that year, after the appearance of new cracks. Since then, monthly monitoring campaigns have been carried out by total station to gauge the displacement of the 34 mentioned marks and 4 additional control points. One of the control marks was lost, between January and February 2019, due to the fast evolution of the movement. Monitoring has been complemented by the elaboration of detailed digital terrain models through drone flights carried out in November 2018 and November 2019. In addition, precipitation data registered on the rainfall gauges of the surroundings have been collected.</p><p> </p><p>This contribution presents the recent fast evolution of the Tazones Lighthouse landslide, affecting an area about 70.000 m<sup>2</sup> and characterized by relevant horizontal and vertical displacements. Since the beginning of the 3D monitoring, the 50% of the marks have moved more than 1 meter and 34% of them have moved more than 2 meters, one of them exceeding 14 meters of displacement.</p><p>The detailed digital terrain models have allowed quantifying the volume of mobilized mass over a year from the main head of the movement, located 110 meters above sea level. Moreover, the comparison of these data with precipitation records has led to relate the evolution of the displacement with the rainfall, being able to establish a very good correlation between precipitation distribution and movement acceleration.</p>

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<p>Ground displacements associated to landslides can be analysed by means of geological, geotechnical, topographic and remote sensing techniques. In this work different classical topographic techniques are combined with a satellite based remote sensing technique: Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR). The topographic techniques provide precise measurements on a set of points strategically located for each landslide. The DInSAR technique provides a more opportunistic set of points, usually denser than topographic techniques, providing key information on the area of influence of the movement and its potential impact on the surroundings. The combination of both approaches provides a complementary set of measurements useful to properly understand the landslide mechanics. The area of study is Tazones Lighthouse sector (43º 32’ 54’’N, 5º 23’ 57’’W), located on a coastal cliff in north Asturias (N Spain), where there is an important active mass movement.</p><p>The used procedure consisted in the following steps: a) Processing of Envisat ASAR satellite data from 2002 to 2012 to obtain the deformation velocity map of the zone of interest thorough the ESA G-POD service (European Space Agency Grid Processing On Demand); b) Processing of the period 2014-2019 with Sentinel-1 data to obtain the Deformation time series and the deformation velocity map with the PSIG software (developed by the Geomatics Division of the CTTC); c) Integration, combination and comparison by a Geographical Information System (GIS) of the satellite results with topographic data obtained from 2018 to 2019 by means of standard techniques (theodolite, feno survey markers and control points); d) Analysis and interpretation of the results taken into account geological-geomorphological data available.</p><p>The results of this study show different velocity ratios in the Area of Interest (AoI), from mm/year to m/year, which are consistent with the ground measurements. Therefore, the work demonstrated the potentials of combining different geodetic techniques to infer information about landslides processes and the usefulness of the DInSAR for the control of the mass movement, whose fast evolution makes it difficult the topographic work due to the changes in the relief and the loss of several feno survey markers.</p>