The behavior of a handball team is the outcome of the interactions of its players to beat their rival, bearing in mind that all the behaviors both influence and are influenced by all the elements that arise around them at this time. The purpose of this research is to study the influence of one player on the group game, so one objective is to ascertain the influence of the player occupying the position of center in the game of the Spanish national men's handball team. By applying the observational methodology, an ad-hoc observation instrument was designed and DARTFISH 5.5 software was used to record all the positional attacks, in numerical equality with 7 players, within 8 games played during the 2015 Qatar World Championship. The polar coordinate analyses show significant differences in all the criteria studied, including those related to both the development and the end of the positional attacks. The results show that the playing pattern of the Spanish national team is different depending on the player occupying the position of center, thus confirming that the changes in one element of a system affect the ultimate behavior of that system. Opposite findings are important information that coaches should bear in mind in their training sessions and competitions, and they can be extrapolated to other teams and sports groups.

La pedagogía no lineal presenta diferencias importantes respecto a los modelos de enseñanza tradicionalmente empleados en balonmano. La ausencia de investigaciones sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en balonmano desde la pedagogía no lineal motivó el presente trabajo. El objetivo fue conocer la influencia ejercida por dos constreñimientos introducidos en una tarea: defensa zonal de una línea (LI1) y defensa zonal de dos líneas con defensor avanzado (LI2), en los comportamientos, ofensivos y defensivos, realizados por jugadores de balonmano. Estos constreñimientos, representativos de los sistemas defensivos más utilizados en balonmano, se aplicaron en la disputa de 16 partidos reducidos, durante las ocho sesiones en las que se desarrolló el estudio. Se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual/nomomético/multidimendional para registrar los comportamientos de 14 jugadores (M=14.6 años y SD=0.4) de categoría cadete masculino, que se dividieron en dos grupos para la disputa de los partidos. El análisis de coordenadas polares permitió conocer la influencia ejercida por ambos constreñimientos a nivel general, analizando los comportamientos de ambos equipos conjuntamente y, también, de manera específica para cada equipo. Así, se encontraron relaciones significativas de activación mutua entre: (1) LI1 y fijación impar, lanzamiento en penetración, lanzamiento a distancia, bloqueo, cambio de oponente, ayudas y contrabloqueo; y (2) entre LI2 y desmarques, deslizamiento e interceptación. Conocer la influencia ejercida por los constreñimientos aplicados en las tareas (comportamientos que facilitan e inhiben) es clave en la aplicación de la pedagogía no lineal, de esta manera se podrán seleccionar aquellos que ayuden a conseguir los objetivos propuestos.  Abstract. Non-linear pedagogy presents important differences regarding the teaching approaches traditionally used in handball. The absence of research that addresses the teaching-learning process in handball from nonlinear pedagogy motivated the present work. The objective was to analyse the influence of certain task constraints: zonal defense of one line (LI1) and zonal defense of two lines with advanced defender (LI2), in the behaviour patterns, offensive and defensive ones, performed by handball players. These constraints, representative of the most used defensive handball systems, were applied in 16 small-sided games, during the eight sessions in which the study was developed. A nomothetic/punctual/monitoring observational design was used to register the behaviours performed by 14 players (M = 14.6 years and SD = 0.4), members of a team that competes in the male cadet category, who were divided into two groups for the matches. The analysis of polar coordinates allowed to know the influence exerted by both constraints at a general level, analyzing jointly the behaviors of both teams and, also, specifically for each team. Thus, significant relationships of mutual activation were found between: (1) LI1 and odd fixation, penetration throw, distance throw, block, opponent change, assist and counter block; and (2) between LI2 and uncheck, slip and intercept. Knowing the influence exerted by the task constraints (behaviors that facilitate and inhibit) is key in the application of non-linear pedagogy, in this way those that help to achieve the proposed objectives can be selected.

No abstract

The primary objective of this study was to discover the positional attack performance indicators of the winning Netherlands women’s national handball team during the 2019 World Championship in Japan. An ideographic, follow-up and multidimensional observational design was used to record and analyse positional attacks disputed in equal numbers of players (6v6) excluding attacks with an empty goal. Polar coordinates allowed us to determine behaviour patterns as well as performance indicators related to attack continuity, situations used to destabilise the opponent defence, and actions involved in completing the attack. Two levels of analysis were used: each match individually and all the team’s matches as a whole. Results show that each match had its own specific game dynamics as different behaviour patterns were activated and different performance indicators were observed depending on the match. These findings highlight the variability and dynamic nature of the offensive behaviours and performance indicators of the world champion team, emphasising the need to study performance indicators with research projects that respect that they are specific and changing.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la influencia que ejercen determinados constreñimientos o limitaciones de la tarea en el aprendizaje de habilidades defensivas en balonmano. Empleando un diseño observacional y mediante el uso de un instrumento de observación ad hoc, se registraron los comportamientos realizados por 14 jugadores (M=14,6) a lo largo de seis sesiones, mientras disputaron 18 partidos en situación de juego reducido, empleando ambos equipos un sistema defensivo individual. Los partidos se disputaron en presencia de tres constreñimientos, y para estudiar su influencia en los comportamientos de los jugadores, se utilizó la técnica de coordenadas polares. Se encontró que la prohibición del bote facilita la defensa de desmarques, mientras que la obligatoriedad de recibir y pasar en movimiento facilita la defensa de fintas, interceptaciones, así como, la realización de doblajes y deslizamientos. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a los entrenadores a optimizar sus programas de entrenamiento.