The knowledge of school teachers in Colombia about emergency dental trauma management is inadequate. The findings strongly suggest a need for an education strategy with the involvement of the government, dentistry schools and private organizations.

This research determined the effect of four nitrogen (N) doses on the nutritional behavior of (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), respectively, in banana Williams, during five plant development stages and two productive cycles. The treatments were as follows: 1) absolute control, 2) 0 N, 3) 161 kg N ha-1, 4) 321.8 kg N ha-1 and 5) 483 kg N ha-1, respectively. A multivariate approach of the differences among cycles was used to adjust the models and eliminate their individual effect, with a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements over time. There were significant differences among plant development stages, with an increase in nutrient accumulation in the banana plant, there were no differences among treatments or blocks, nor in the interaction block by treatment, but the dose of 321.8 kg of N, exhibited a fructification increase in terms of N accumulation, harvest was exceeded by the dose of 483 kg of nitrogen, Ca and Mg, were the other nutrients, which showed effect at the dose of 483 kg of N but increasing only to harvest. It was concluded that high doses of nitrogen showed a trend to increase nutrient accumulation during the development of the banana plant, but especially until fructification, with the exception of Ca and Mg, which achieved the greatest accumulation in harvest.

One of the main biosecurity problems facing banana crops is black Sigatoka disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis. Disease control is achieved mainly by chemical sprays and generates more than 50% of the costs of production, with a trend to increase due to the rapid resistance that the fungus acquires to the main fungicide molecules. Thus, it is very important to acquire information on the molecular mechanisms of the plant–pathogen interactions in this pathosystem as a way to help design future control strategies. Hormonal plant responses of banana genotypes susceptible and resistant to P. fijiensis were identified and analysed in this work by transcriptomic (RNA‐Seq and RT‐qPCR) and metabolomic studies (ultraperformance liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy). Differentially expressed genes related to signal transduction and biosynthesis pathways of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) were identified in the resistant variety Calcutta 4 during the early stage of interaction with P. fijiensis. Metabolomic analysis corroborated the induction of metabolites related to JA and ET pathways during the first 72 hr post‐inoculation. Observed results are evidence that signalling via JA/ET could be key in the activation of defence response signals in the resistant variety Calcutta 4.

The production of bananas (Musa AAA Simmonds, cv. Williams) for export in the Uraba area of Colombia represents economic and social benefits for the country, demanding improvements in agronomic practices, especially fertilization. The objective of this research was to evaluate plant height, leaf area and number of leaves in banana cv. Williams in two production cycles to adjust fertilizer recommendations according to the needs of the plants in the development phase. A sixth-generation crop was used, which was evaluated during five stages of development and two consecutive production cycles in 2011 and 2012. The multivariate approach was used for the analysis of variance of the repeated measures design, with two factors between subjects (fertilization and repetitions) and one intra-subject factor associated with the production cycle. The linear models were adjusted according to the phenological stage determined as when the vegetative structures were present, simultaneously evaluating responses in plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. The effect of N doses on the developmental stages of the banana for production cycle and between cycles indicated that the doses of 321.8 and 483 kg ha-1 had the best yield. The dose of 483 kg ha-1 was the best one since it resulted in the highest plant growth.

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