Background/Objective: Some professionals, such as police officers, are required to prevent violent behavior, such as intimate partner violence (IPV). For this task they use actuarial tools designed to estimate the risk of occurrence of further violence after a previous complaint (police recidivism), taking into account risk and protective indicators which they can observe, in spite of they are not behavioral assessment experts. Method: To try to refine the police risk assessments carried out in Spain since 2007 and to improve the two tools available on the Spanish VioGén System, Police Risk Assessment and Risk Evolution (VPR3.1 and VPER3.0), this paper, using an epidemiological design, in a sample of 6,613 new cases of IPV of Spain, studies empirical relationships among 65 indicators (56 risk and 9 protection) and IPV police recidivism up to six months. Results: It resulted in a recidivism rate of 7.4%, finding statistically significant associations of 46 indicators. Conclusions: Empirical evidence about static indicators and new relevant dynamic indicators in the victims’ police protection management is presented. Practical implications for future police risk assessments are discussed.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex phenomenon that occurs to varying degrees in all countries, cultures, and societies. An extreme manifestation of this violence is homicide. Violence at this level creates great social alarm while also having important repercussions on the social environment of victim, perpetrator, and society in general (López-Ossorio et al., 2018). Homicides have multifaceted origins. Fight against homicides is enshrined in the global goals of sustainable development as highlights how women and girls throughout the world are affected by it. There were approximately 87,000 homicides of women in 2017 (UNODC, 2019). While this total indicates a decrease over previous years, an alarming fact is that the number of homicides of women in the context of family and couples increased from 47% in 2012 to 58% in 2017. Although approximately 81% of all homicide victims are men, this figure changes substantially

Psychosocial Intervention (2018) 27(2) 95-104 Para citar este artículo: López-Ossorio, J. J., Carbajosa, P., Cerezo-Domínguez, A. I., González-Álvarez, J. L., Loinaz, I. y Muñoz-Vicente, J. M. (2018). Taxonomía de los homicidios de mujeres en las relaciones de pareja. Psychosocial Intervention, 27, 95-104. https://doi.La violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja (VCP) es un problema de primer orden en España y con amplia repercusión en todos los sectores de nuestra sociedad. La Ley Orgánica 1/2004 y el Pacto de Estado contra la Violencia de Género de 2017 son muestra de la importancia que se otorga a este fenómeno, desarrollándose políticas y acciones orientadas a su prevención. En cuanto a su magnitud, se presentan entre 120,000 y 140,000 denuncias anuales por violencia de género según estadísticas del Consejo General del Poder Judicial. La «victimización revelada» en macroencuestas indica que el 10.3% de las mujeres de 16 o más años ha sufrido violencia física de su pareja o expareja en algún momento de su vida, sexual en el 8.1% y psicológica en el 25.4%, siendo informada en el 78.01% de los casos por la propia víctima. Sin embargo, estos datos muestran parte del problema, puesto que las denuncias recogidas por la policía parece que solo suponen un 26.83% de los casos, más otro 1.7% adicional de denuncias en el juzgado, existiendo una elevada «cifra negra» (Delegación del Gobierno para la Violencia de Género, 2015). En suma, existe gran desconocimiento sobre el volumen real de violencia sobre la mujer en la pareja, que parece oscilar entre el 11 y el 12.5% a lo largo de la vida (Díez-Ripollés, Cerezo y Benítez, 2017).La forma más grave y extrema de VCP es el homicidio, que ocasiona importantes repercusiones en el entorno de la víctima y del h t t p : / / j o u r n a l s. c o p m a d r i d. o rg / p i Correspondencia: jjlossorio@gmail.com (J. J. López-Ossorio). R E S U M E NLa prevención de la violencia contra la pareja supone un problema que ha suscitado gran interés a nivel internacional. El homicidio de pareja es el exponente más grave, aunque su prevalencia sea baja y su etiología compleja. Este trabajo revisa brevemente la descripción del problema desde la perspectiva de género y la existencia de asimetría, la perspectiva de la violencia y su descripción de factores de riesgo diferenciales y el modelo ecológico que relaciona variables personales, contextuales y comunitarias, presentando una propuesta más integradora. Se describen los estudios que analizan y comparan perfiles de homicidas, así como la situación en materia de evaluación del riesgo, todo ello con especial atención a las implicaciones para el contexto español. Por último, por su relevancia se discute la existencia de tipologías de homicidas y perfiles más próximos a patrones o dinámicas suicidas (en los homicidios diádicos y los familicidios). La información disponible pone de manifiesto la necesidad de ampliar el estudio de los homicidas de pareja y la dificultad de anticipar muchos de estos casos. Taxonomy of homicides of women i...

Typological approaches in research of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) have been discussed on the basis of their validity and applicability in professional practice; yet most of the published studies on offender typologies are limited due to the use of relatively small, non-representative samples. The current study explored typologies of IPVAW perpetrators in a large-scale representative Spanish sample ( n = 9,731 cases extracted from the Comprehensive Monitoring System of Gender-Based Violence Cases; VioGén System), according to classic batterer typologies proposed by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) . To this end, the risk factors measured by the most extended Spanish police recidivism risk assessment tool (Valoración Policial del Riesgo; VPR) were used as clustering variables. Multiple correspondence analyses revealed the appropriateness of a bi-dimensional model to conceptualize IPVAW offender typologies. Our four-group solution may be described based on the levels of instability and antisociality of IPVAW offenders, as objectively measured by VPR5.0 risk indicators. Statistically significant differences between the IPVAW suggested typologies were found on all indicators, except for the presence of perpetrators younger than 24 years old and the presence of bidirectional intimate partner violence, which were equally distributed across the four groups. High instability/low antisociality (HiLa) and high instability/high antisociality (HiHa) individuals shared most risk indicators related to the aggressor’s psychological instability; whereas HiHa and low instability/high antisociality (LiHa) men endorsed more antisociality indicators than statistically expected. The low instability/low antisociality (LiLa) group was characterized by the less presence of VPR risk indicators. Although the four subtypes identified in our study resembled classic typologies, we propose a new subtype, with high levels of instability and antisociality (i.e., HiHa). This work contributes to existing knowledge of the heterogeneity of these men, by providing useful typologies that can help inform prevention and treatment.

Is terrorism just another form of criminal activity, as many nations’ justice systems assume? We offer an initial answer using face-to-face interviews and structured surveys in thirty-five Spanish prisons. Recent theories of extreme sacrifice inform this direct observational and comparative study. Islamist terrorists display levels of self-sacrifice for their primary reference group similar to that of Latino gangs, but greater willingness to sacrifice for primary values than other inmates (non-radical Muslims, Latino gangs, and delinquent bands). This disposition is motivated by stronger perceived injustice, discrimination, and a visceral commitment to such values (risk/radicalization factors). Nevertheless, state authorities, prison staff, and families are (protective/de-radicalization) factors apt to reduce willingness to sacrifice and keep foreign fighters, now being released in large numbers, from returning to terrorism.