The Colombian reality shows how subnational entities have been affected by a process of recentralisation since the beginning of the XXI century, and the weakening of intermediate entities in the decentralisation of the last century. However, these entities are seen as the linkage for territorial internationalization, an empty space that few municipalities have adopted and within which departments have hardly acted. Boyacá, a territory in the middle of the Andes, faces challenges that, until now, it has been unable to answer in the right way. The current document is based on primary data which analyses the cooperation from the department as well as the municipalities. Therefore, the internal dynamics and realities suggest that the solution may lie on the integration that Boyacá and its municipalities might have with inter-subnational peers. However, this is still a long path to walk for the Colombian territorial entities, especially in the Department of Boyacá.

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One of the key issues at metropolitan level is the provision of public services and this paper highlights the importance of understanding the governance of public services in the context of increasing urbanization and decentralization. This paper provides a comparative analysis on metropolitan governance in Latin America by analysing specific case studies. The objective is to identify how the governance setting in metropolitan areas shapes the process anthe results of providing public services to wider population. We examine metropolitan governance by employing a 3x3x3 model as a framework for addressing key issues about urban services delivery. Bogota, Lima and Mexico City are the metropolitan areas selected. Secondly, we focus on three sectors: transport, solid waste collection and water. Finally, the analysis focuses in three aspects of governance: coordination, financial sustainability and coverage and quality. The data collection process involved field research in Bogota, Lima and Mexico City.

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La internacionalización territorial es una práctica que no habría sido posible implementar en Colombia con el marco constitucional existente hasta 1991; sin embargo, la implementación de iniciativas constitucionales para favorecer las entidades territoriales hacia dentro y facilitar los vínculos en el plano internacional ha dado libertad y fortalecido la interacción de los actores locales con pares a escala inter- nacional que cuentan con intereses comunes. No obstante, ese punto de partida y el desarrollo que han tenido dichas prácticas a lo largo de las últimas tres décadas abren nuevos retos para que las entidades subnacionales, en conjunto con las entidades del orden nacional, logren aprovechar al máximo las ca- pacidades de cada uno de los territorios colombianos y las infinitas posibilidades que existen dentro del orden internacional para su desarrollo.