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La ballena franca del sur, Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins, 1822) en aguas chilenas: análisis de sus registros desde 1976 a 2008Southern right whales, Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins, 1822

Guignas ( Leopardus guigna ) are small felids closely associated with native forest habitats. In fragmented landscapes, they use vegetation corridors and forest remnants to move across the landscape. In these contexts, guignas may increase contact probabilities with domestic animals, being therefore relevant to assess their pathogens and parasites. The aim of this study was to characterize the helminth fauna in the gastrointestinal tract and cardiorespiratory system of guignas from central and southern Chile. Between 2015 and 2018, 33 dead free-ranging guignas were found road-killed or were collected from wildlife rescue centers. Thirty-two gastrointestinal tracts and 32 cardiorespiratory organs were analyzed through direct analysis and artificial digestion. We found 81.8% (27/33) guignas were positive for helminth endoparasites (84.4% (27/32) positive for gastrointestinal parasites, 37.5% (12/32) positive for cardiorespiratory parasites). Fourteen parasites were identified (7 at genus level and 7 at species level), with Angiostrongylus sp ., Molineus sp ., Oslerus sp . and Troglostrongylus sp. as first records in guignas. The most prevalent parasites were the species Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara cati and Uncinaria stenocephala . Uncinaria stenocephala showed the highest intensity of infection. Multiparasitism was observed in 76% of the animals. Significant differences in richness of endoparasites and prevalence of cardiorespiratory parasites were found between geographic zones; higher values in the southern zone are possibly due to favorable environmental characteristics for endoparasite development. There were no statistically significant differences between sexes. All the parasites found in this study have been previously reported in domestic cats. These results are valuable to understand parasite transmission at the domestic-wildlife interface; the possibility of endoparasite transmission between domestic cats and guignas should be clarified with molecular analysis.

INTRODUCTIONTemporary grandstands are structures employed to accommodate the public in events of short duration. Usually metallic, these structures are mounted on site and consist of several components, such as hollow bars, connectors, seat planks and stepped frames, the latter having the role of transferring loads from seat planks to vertical members.In Brito and Pimentel (2009), cases of collapse of temporary grandstands were surveyed. Ninety-three cases were identified, between the years 1889 and 2008, with more than 85 people killed and 6,350 injured. Among the surveyed cases related to loading problems, around 60% were related to dynamic excitation, either reporting perception of vibration prior to collapse, or movements of spectators at the time the structure collapsed.Abstract: Temporary grandstands are subjected to dynamic loading due to the movement of spectators, and problems associated with the excessive vibration of these structures have been observed. In this context, since they can be used during design stage to address such problems, reliable finite element models of the structure are needed. In this paper, a finite element model of a temporary grandstand is developed while modeling effects are investigated. To do that, a temporary grandstand for about one hundred people was assembled in a laboratory. Modal tests were conducted to calibrate the numerical models of the whole structure. These models were developed by using various degrees of refinement in order to allow comparing the effect of modeling simplifications. The results evidenced that the modeling of connections and seat planks caused significant changes in natural frequencies. The complexity of the structure, with a significant number of parameters affecting dynamic behaviour, requires that modeling ideally start from individual structural components tested in separate.

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