Este trabajo es una revisión bibliográfica de los métodos de síntesis del Hidroxiapatito (HA) más empleados: Sol-gel, mecanoquímico, hidrotérmico, sonoquímico, cerámico, hidrólisis y precipitación. Se incluye igualmente el comportamiento de los apatitos cuando son sometidos a tratamientos térmicos y se recopilan las aplicaciones que tienen los materiales de HA obtenidos mediante distintos procesos de conformado. Palabras clave: Hidroxiapatito, métodos de síntesis, comportamiento térmico, procesos, aplicaciones Synthetic routes and thermal behaviour of HydroxyapatiteIn this work, a wide up-to-date bibliography information about the most important synthetic routes has been collected, such as sol-gel processing, mecano-chemical, hydrothermal, sonochemical, ceramic, hydrolysis and chemical precipitation. At the same time, properties and reactivity of hydroxyapatite when treated at high temperature are described. Finally applications of hydroxyapatite materials obtained by several forming methods are discussed. INTRODUCCIÓNEl HA es el principal componente inorgánico de los tejidos duros (huesos y dientes) tanto humanos como animales. El HA sintético muestra una alta biocompatibilidad y elevada osteointegración cuando presenta gran porosidad, debido a ello es ampliamente utilizado como material de implante óseo (1-8). Además de ser ésta su principal aplicación, es posible utilizarlo, según recientes estudios, en la purificación de aguas como intercambiador iónico (9-12). Mediante distintas técnicas de conformado se han producido filtros para inmovilizar los metales pesados del agua (13-16). El HA presenta también otras aplicaciones (17-19) como la de absorbente de especies orgánicas, en catálisis, sensores de humedad y CO 2 .La composición del HA mineral estequiométrico puede expresarse como Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , con una relación Ca/P = 1,67, mientras que la del hidroxiapatito deficiente en calcio (CDHA) es Ca 9 (HPO 4 )(PO 4 ) 5 (OH), con Ca/P = 1,50. Este últi-mo es el que se considera el más parecido al de los huesos humanos (20). Ambos compuestos pertenecen a una serie de minerales llamados apatitos que responden a la composición Ca 10-x (HPO 4 ) x (PO 4 ) 6-x (OH) 2-x , donde además pueden existir sustituciones isomórficas en su estructura del a) grupo PO 4 3-por iones CO 3 , etc. El prototipo de esta familia es el fluorapatito (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 F 2 ), cuya estructura es exagonal sin embargo la estructura del HA estequiométrico es monoclínica (Fig. 1). La diferencia radica en los planos de simetría perpendiculares al eje c del fluorapatito, en el cual los aniones F -están rodeados en ese plano por triángulos de cationes Ca 2+ . Los aniones OH -están localizados ligeramente por encima o por debajo de esos planos de
Ceramic Raschig rings are used as fillers in the columns for wastewater treatment to immobilise heavy metals in polluted waters. Their effectiveness is determined by properties such as porosity and specific surface area. Therefore, microstructural control during processing is necessary to assure uniform performance of random packed columns filled with Raschig rings. In this work, Weibull statistics of the stress to fracture of rings placed under diametrical compression loading is proposed as a method to compare reliability of the rings.Three green processing methods, uniaxial pressing, extrusion and slip casting, have been used to obtain rings using industrial and urban wastes as raw materials (diatoms from beer industry, sludges from paper industry and animal bones). Significant differences between the Weibull parameters for the three series of the same material were found indicating that the most reliable processing route was extrusion. The same analysis was done for uniaxially pressed rings containing hydroxyapatite as single-phase. In spite of differences between the actual strength values, Weibull parameters were coincident for both uniaxially pressed series.
The objective of this research was to study the removal of cadmium and lead from an aqueous solution through a biological treatment. For this purpose a glass‐ceramic material was manufactured from industrial and urban wastes. Biofilms of microorganisms found in wastewater were developed on its surface, and continuous tests were conducted in the presence and absence of the biofilm to analyze the glass‐ceramic's ability to remove the heavy metals from an aqueous environment. The results suggest that this bioremediation process, developed on an industrial scale, could represent an alternative to the chemical processes currently used.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.