Se analiza la influencia de los Sistemas de Apoyo entre Iguales (SAI) en la mejora de la convivencia y el maltrato entre iguales. Se comparan dos muestras diferentes de alumnado, una con presencia de estructuras de apoyo entre iguales, los Equipos de Ayuda (Avilés, 2012), y otra sin ella tanto en escuelas secundarias de España como en Brasil. La prevalencia del bullying se obtiene tras la aplicación del Insebull (Avilés y Elices, 2007). Además se miden las conexiones y desconexiones morales de los sujetos ante dos casos de bullying, uno con víctima pasiva y otro con víctima provocativa. Se encuentran mejoras significativas en las escuelas que poseen esas estructuras respecto a la mejora del clima de convivencia y la concienciación de los sujetos implicados en las situaciones de bullying. Igualmente es significativamente mejor el grado de comunicación de las víctimas del acoso. También ocurren menos desconexiones morales en los sujetos que tienen esas estructuras de apoyo entre iguales en sus escuelas tanto frente a las víctimas pasivas como provocativas. Por ello, se hace necesario implementar y generalizar estas estructuras en el marco de los Proyectos Antibullying (Avilés, 2015) de los centros escolares.
RESUMENLa convivencia escolar se considera hoy un ámbito preferente del trabajo preventivo en los contextos educativos para conseguir el equilibrio emocional y el bienestar personal y social del alumnado. También es un factor de actuación destacado para la educación en valores y la mejora del rendimiento integral del alumnado a largo plazo. Una de las herramientas más adecuadas que se utiliza en la convivencia escolar es proporcionar al alumnado presencia y voz, a través de diversas estructuras de participación y gestión. En los centros educativos funcionan diversos Sistemas de Apoyo entre Iguales (SAI): Acogida, Ayuda, Mediación, Tutoría o Mentoría. De forma intencional y diferenciada, cada uno de ellos da protagonismo al alumnado en la gestión de su propia convivencia. En este artículo, se analizan las diversas modalidades de apoyo entre iguales, sus características, y las distintas formas como se desarrollan hoy en las escuelas e institutos, destacando las potencialidades que cada uno de ellos posee. Por otra parte, se indican las habilidades que el alumnado desarrolla con su participación y las necesidades formativas y condiciones de implantación precisas para conseguir de ellos una efectividad manifiesta en los centros educativos y un encaje adecuado en otras estructuras escolares. ABSTRACTConvivencia is now considered a preferred area of preventive work in educational contexts to achieve emotional balance and social well-being of students. It is also an intervention factor for the education in values and the improvement of the integral performance of the students in the long term. One of the most appropriate tools used in Convivencia is to provide students with presence and voice, through various structures of participation and management. In the schools there are several Support Systems (SAI): Partnering, Help Teams, Mediation, Tutoring or Mentoring. In an intentional and differentiated way, each one of them gives prominence to the students in the management of their own coexistence. In this paper, we analyze the different modalities of peer support, their characteristics, and the different ways JOSÉ MAríA AVILÉS MArTíNEZ: Los sistemas de apoyo entre iguales (SAI) they are developed today in schools and high schools, highlighting their potentialities that each one of them has. On the other hand, they indicate the skills that the students develop with their participation and the training needs and precise implementation conditions to obtain from them in schools a manifest effectiveness and an appropriate fit in other structures of the educational context.
Understanding the psychological mechanisms acting in shares of specific violence, such as bullying, constitutes an important step in the educational interventions that promote moral education objectified by educational institutions. In this sense, the current research aimed to relate bullying to representations of self and the ways in which the subject is self-regulating to choose justifications for their commitments or moral disengagements in situations where bullying is present. The results indicate that subjects whose self-representations are individualistic also present more morally disengaged and more likely to be perpetrators in bullying situations, showing how little their identities incorporate moral values. It thus appears that more than a social problem, the issues of coexistence should be treated under the moral point of view.Keywords: bullying; self-representations; school violence; ethics; moral disengagements. RESUMOCompreender os mecanismos psicológicos atuantes em ações de violência específica, como o bullying, constitui-se um importante passo para as intervenções educacionais que promovam a formação moral objetivada pelas instituições de cunho educativo. Nesse sentido, a investigação atual teve como objetivos relacionar o bullying às representações de si e às formas pelas quais os sujeitos se autorregulam para escolher justificativas para seus engajamentos ou desengajamentos morais em situações em que o bullying esteja presente. Os resultados indicam que sujeitos cujas representações de si são individualistas também se apresentam mais desengajados moralmente e mais propensos a serem autores em situações de bullying, denotando o quanto suas identidades
Current studies on bullying indicate the moral nature of this particular form of violence. Different researchs indicate that the problem related to the formation of ethical personalities and thus indicate how schools, propitious local to the greatest manifestation of such acts, need to know the moral development of its students to propose interventions that allow the construction of values by moral subjects involved in these situations. So, the objective of this article, starting with hypothetical situations created from reports of students, is to understand the dynamics of these relationships for discussion of the phenomenon in question and propose more qualitative interventions to overcome the problem.Keywords: bullying, moral values, ethical personalities. RESUMOEstudos atuais sobre o bullying indicam a natureza moral desta forma de violência particular. Diferentes pesquisas apontam para o problema relacionado à formação de personalidades éticas e assim indicam o quanto as escolas, locais propícios embora não únicos para a maior manifestação de tais atos, necessitam conhecer o desenvolvimento moral de seus alunos para propor intervenções que permitam a construção de valores morais pelos sujeitos envolvidos nessas situações. Assim, tem-se como objetivo neste artigo, partindo de situações hipotéticas criadas a partir de relatos de alunos, compreender a dinâmica dessas relações para discussão do fenômeno em questão e a proposta de intervenções mais qualitativas para a superação do problema.Palavra-chave: bullying; valores morais; pesonalidades éticas.
An overview is done on the systems of peer support (support teams, peer mediation, cybermentors) that are built in schools to provide prevention and intervention in these situations. It points out the characteristics of each one and the best-known ways that have been adopted. It also reflects on the conditions of implementation and development of these measures in schools. Keywords: Living together in school, Peer support, Cyberbullying, Support teams, Peer mediation, CyberMentors, Bullying RESUMENSe hace un repaso sobre los sistemas de apoyo entre iguales que se construyen en los centros educativos para dar respuestas preventivas y de intervención sobre situaciones de conflicto y bullying. Señala sus características y sus formas más conocidas. También reflexiona sobre las condiciones de implantación y desarrollo en los centros educativos.Palabras clave: convivencia escolar, apoyo entre iguales, cyberbullying, equipos de ayuda, mediación, cybermentores, bullying.
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