In patients with T2DM and BMI > or = 35 kg x m(-2) at 5-year follow-up vs. CT, AGB and GBP are not only clinically effective and safe but represent satisfactory value for money from a payer perspective in Austria, Italy, and Spain.

The DNAs of two herpesviruses, the oncogenic Marek disease virus and the serologically related herpesvirus of the turkey, were studied by electron microscopy. On the basis of fold-back molecules observed in single-stranded DNA from both viruses, structures have been derived for the overall nucleotide sequence arrangement in their genomes. Although differing in molecular weight, the genomes of Marek disease virus and turkey herpesvirus are both constructed according to the same plan-two regions of unique nucleotide sequence, each enclosed by inverted repeat sequences. The genome structure of these viruses therefore closely resembles that of herpes simplex virus rather than the biologically more similar herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus, H. saimiri, and H. ateles.Marek disease virus (MDV), a herpesvirus, is the causative agent of Marek disease, a malignant lymphoma of chickens (for review, see refs. 1-3). From tumors of diseased animals, continuous lymphoblastoid T-cell lines can be established (4, 5) and these have been shown to harbor the MDV genome in a latent form (6-8). A serologically related herpesvirus of the turkey (HVT) (9-11) produces "microlymphomas" in its natural host and in chickens and, being essentially apathogenic for both, has been used as a vaccine against Marek disease (12).A somewhat similar "lymphotropic" biology is shared by several other members of the herpesvirus group. In humans, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis (for review, see refs. 13 and 14) and is considered to be a cofactor in two neoplastic diseases-Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (15)(16)(17) EBV, H. saimiri, and H. ateles also share certain peculiarities in the arrangement ofnucleotide sequences within their DNAs.All have genomes containing direct tandem repeats ofshort (Mr, 0.4-2.0 X 10') nucleotide sequences; H. saimiri and H. ateles carry a single sequence that is present in multiple copies at both extremities of the genome (23, 24) and EBV carries two nonhomologous sequences, one repeated at the extremities and a second at the interior of the genome (25)(26)(27) In light ofthe biological properties outlined above, one might expect the genomes of MDV and HVT to resemble those of EBV, H. saimiri, and H. ateles. The results ofthe study reported here do not, however, fulfill this expectation and show instead that the genomes of MDV and HVT contain inverted repeat sequences in the configuration found in HSV and BMV. A preliminary report of this work has been presented elsewhere. t MATERIALS AND METHODS Virus Strains, Cells, Virus Growth and Purification, and DNA Preparation. These have been described (8). Four strains of MDV were used in this study: the pathogenic GA and JM strains, the apathogenic Cal-i strain, and the attenuated CV1-988 strain. The HVT strain used was PBTHV1.Electron Microscopy. The spreading of DNA was carried out with a 50% formamide hyperphase and a 17% formamide hvpophase according to standard procedures (35). Single-stranded DNA was prepa...

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are frequently prescribed after skeletal muscle injury. It is not known whether this type of medication can interfere with muscle repair, although inflammatory response is thought to play an important role in this process. Tibialis anterior muscles of mice were injured by myotoxic agent (snake venom) or crushed. Then, animals were treated daily for 10-14 days with different types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs. The long-term repair was studied 10-42 days after injury by analysing the recovery of in situ muscle force production, size of regenerating muscle cells and expression of myosin heavy chain. Our results show that diclofenac, diferuloylmethane (curcumin), dimethylthiourea or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate treatment did not significantly affect muscle recovery after myotoxic injury (P > 0.05). Similarly, diferuloylmethane, dimethyl sulphoxide or indomethacin administration did not markedly change muscle repair after crush injury. However, we noted that high doses (> 2 mg kg −1 ) of diferuloylmethane or indomethacin increased lethality and reduced muscle repair after crush injury. In conclusion, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs did not exhibit long-term detrimental effects on muscle recovery after injury, except at lethal doses.