This article discusses three variable coding properties of Spanish objects: flagging (a-marking vs. ø-marking), indexing (clitic doubling vs. no doubling), and clitic case form (accusative lo vs. dative le). These properties are essential for the formal identification of grammatical relations. They are triggered by similar parameters that partly overlap and partly show distinct distributions, yet they also challenge the boundaries between direct objects [DO] and indirect objects [IO] and raise the question whether the typological alignment of Spanish (di)transitive clauses is indirective or secundative. The study draws on quantitative and qualitative corpus data on formal, semantic, and discourse properties of core participants in Spanish clauses, relating these properties to the distribution of variable coding. It is concluded that a-marking, clitic doubling, and leísmo are less frequently employed than unmarked objects, no doubling, and accusative case for clitics, that Spanish DO and IO must be taken as extreme points of a more general Object syntactic function, and that, in general, all variable object coding follows an indirective alignment type. Consequently, animate and topical objects are considered as formally and functionally marked atypical objects both in monotransitive and ditransitive clauses.
ResumenPara el estudio de la interacción entre léxico verbal y sintaxis se propone una aproximación basada en Corpus, utilizando los datos provisionales del proyecto ADESSE. El examen de los datos muestra la alta flexibilidad sintáctica de cualquier verbo, pero también cómo cada verbo o cada clase semántica de verbos tiende a organizarse siguiendo un conjunto más o menos limitado de patrones sintácticos más frecuentes. Tomando como ejemplo las principales variaciones construccionales de los verbos de percepción del español, se muestra cómo los esquemas sintácticos más frecuentes con los verbos de percepción representan asociaciones semánticamente coherentes entre el significado del verbo y el significado del esquema, cómo los esquemas alternantes proporcionan conceptualizaciones alternativas de situaciones similares, y cómo los verbos más frecuentes con un esquema sintáctico sirven de modelo o punto de atracción para la producción o interpretación de construcciones similares con otros verbos.PALABRAS CLAVE: estructura argumental, esquemas sintáctico-semánticos, verbos de percepción. AbstractIn this paper, we take a corpus-based approach to verbs and argument structure, using data from the ADESSE project. The observation of real data shows the high syntactic flexibility of almost any verb, but it also shows that each verb or each semantic class of verbs tends to adopt a more or less limited set of frequent syntactic patterns. Using as examples the main constructional alternations with Spanish perception verbs, it is shown how the most frequent syntactic constructions with perception verbs represent a semantically coherent integration of verb meaning and construction meaning, how constructional alternations provide altérnate conceptualizations of similar scenes, and how the most frequent verbs within a syntactic schema act as a model or as an attractor for the production and interpretation of similar constructions with other verbs. KEY WORDS: argument structure constructions, perception verbs.1. Introducción Verbos y esquemasLas interacciones entre léxico (verbos) y gramática (sintaxis) han constituido y siguen constituyendo un problema básico de la teoría lingüística contemporánea. Predicados (verbos) y argumentos de predicados (nominales) son fundamentales en la representación del mundo por medio del lenguaje y en el desarrollo de la interacción lingüística. La aproximación que se seguirá en este trabajo concibe el lenguaje básicamente como un sistema de signos, esto es, de asociaciones entre estructuras fónicas significantes y estructuras ELUA, 19, 2005, págs. 169-191
This work revises somc properties of gender and noun classes, within ihc broader phenomena of noun classification. The main points of thc paper are: 1) thc distinction ol'grammalical noun classification from lexical classification of referents; 2) thc typology of noun classification (classifiers, noun classes and gender) in rclation lo a continuum of grammaticalization; 3) the revisión of the possibilitics of agreeinent as thc main formal outeome of gender and noun classes; and 4) thc discoursc properties of gender agreement, which leads us to conclude that somc gcndcr-Iike properties of pronouns differ from gender agreement: somc pronoun systcms are sensitivo only to referent properties, while gender systcms always refer to grammatical properties of nouns. La clasificación nominalUna de las funciones básicas del lenguaje es la de la organizar la experiencia y esa organización se basa en la clasificación o categorización de entidades y situaciones por medio de los signos de la lengua. Cuáles son los principios generales que utilizan las lenguas o los seres humanos para realizar esa categorización es un problema central de las ciencias cognitivas que nos concierne aqui sólo marginalmcntc. La categorización o clasificación de las entidades del mundo real o imaginado se realiza en las lenguas primariamente mediante los nombres o expresiones nominales. Entre las categorías resultantes, existen relaciones de inclusión que han sido tratadas en semántica lingüística como relaciones de hiponimia / hipernonimia y que desde los trabajos de Rosch (1978) y otros permiten distinguir entre categorías de nivel básico y categorías superordinadas y subordinadas. Por ejemplo, perro es una categoría de nivel básico 93
The received concept of transitivity includes several semantic properties based on the idea that transitive clauses express an action performed by an agent on a patient, and suggest that transitive syntactic structures typically refer to concrete actions. Arguably, a semantic characterization of syntactic transitivity requires independent definitions of semantic and syntactic transitivity and needs more empirical support. This paper is an initial quantitative exploration of semantic verb types and transitive syntactic structures in a Spanish corpus-based syntactic-semantic database (ADESSE) and in a typological valency patterns database (ValPaL), and it somewhat calls into question the hypothesis that transitive syntactic structures are more strongly associated with verbs expressing concrete actions performed by an agent than with verbs expressing certain kinds of mental states.
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