Background: Given the variety of available hand-held dynamometers and their different handle shapes, reliability studies are needed.Objectives: To compare the accuracy and reliability between three different hand-held dynamometers and analyze the influence of their handles on grip strength. Methods: The tests were performed with the Jamar ® dynamometer, the Takei ® dynamometer and the EMG System Manual Transducer with modified handle. Eighteen healthy volunteers aged 20.0±1.3 years without history of musculoskeletal disorders or trauma in the evaluated limbs were included. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To verify possible differences between the dynamometers, repeated measures ANOVA was administered, followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Reliability between measurements was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement was tested using Bland and Altman plots. The dynamometers calibration process was evaluated using linear regressions. Results: We observed statistically significant differences on the female group between the Jamar ® and the Takei ® dynamometers (females p<0.001 and males p=0.022) and the EMG System Manual Transducer (female p<0.001 and males p=0.007). However, the Takei ® dymamometer and the EMG System Manual Transducer were similar for both female (p=0.161) and male groups (p=0.850). Although acceptable values of intraclass correlation coefficients between measurements were identified, low agreement between the Jamar ® dynamometer and all other instruments was found. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that there is an influence of the dynamometer's handle shapes on the measurements of grip strength. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the need for previous calibration of this type of instrument.Keywords: dynamometer; grip strength; physical therapy. ResumoContextualização: Dada a variedade de dinamômetros disponíveis para mensurar a força de preensão manual com diferentes formatos de empunhaduras, estudos de confiabilidade fazem-se necessários. Objetivos: Comparar a exatidão e a precisão das medidas de três dinamômetros distintos e analisar a influência do perfil de empunhadura de cada um. Métodos: Os testes foram realizados com os dinamômetros Jamar ® , Takei ® e o Transdutor Manual EMG System com empunhadura modificada. Foram avaliados 18 voluntários saudáveis, com idade de 20±1,3 anos, sem histórico de doença musculoesquelética ou traumas nos membros avaliados. A normalidade dos dados foi testada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk. Para verificar as possíveis diferenças entre as medições dos dinamômetros, aplicou-se uma ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguida do post-hoc de Tukey. A confiabilidade entre as medidas foi avaliada por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), e a concordância foi testada utilizando o procedimento de Bland e Altman. Para o procedimento de calibração dos dinamômetros, procedeu-se à análise de regressão linear e de covariância. Resultados: Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o dinam...
Background Aging is a multifactorial process that leads to changes in the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle and contributes to decreased levels of muscle strength. Objective This study sought to investigate whether the isometric muscle strength, fat-free mass (FFM) and power of the electromyographic (EMG) signal of the upper and lower limbs of women are similarly affected by aging. Method The sample consisted of 63 women, who were subdivided into three groups (young (YO) n=33, 24.7±3.5 years; middle age (MA) n=15, 58.6±4.2 years; and older adults (OA). n=15, 72.0±4.2 years). Isometric strength was recorded simultaneously with the capture of the electrical activity of the flexor muscles of the fingers and the vastus lateralis during handgrip and knee extension tests, respectively. FFM was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results The handgrip strength measurements were similar among groups (p=0.523), whereas the FFM of the upper limbs was lower in group OA compared to group YO (p=0.108). The RMSn values of the hand flexors were similar among groups (p=0.754). However, the strength of the knee extensors, the FFM of the lower limbs and the RMSn values of the vastus lateralis were lower in groups MA (p=0.014, p=0.006 and p=0.013, respectively) and OA (p=0.000, p=0.000 and p<0.000, respectively) compared to group YO. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that changes in isometric muscle strength in MLG and electromyographic activity of the lower limbs are more pronounced with the aging process of the upper limb.
Objective: To investigate four parameters defining maximal respiratory pressures and to evaluate their correlations and agreements among those parameters for the determination of MIP and MEP. Methods: This was a crosssectional study involving 49 healthy, well-nourished males and females. The mean age was 23.08 ± 2.5 years. Measurements were carried out using a pressure transducer, and the estimated values for the parameters peak pressure (Ppeak), plateau pressure (Pplateau), mean maximal pressure (Pmean), and pressure according to the area (Parea) were determined with an algorithm developed for the study. To characterize the study sample, we used descriptive statistics, followed by repeated measures ANOVA ResumoObjetivo: Investigar quatro parâmetros de definição de pressão respiratória máxima e avaliar suas correlações e concordância para medidas de PImáx e PEmáx. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 49 sujeitos saudáveis, eutróficos, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 23,08 ± 2,50 anos. As medidas foram realizadas utilizando-se um transdutor de pressão, e os parâmetros foram estimados a partir de um algoritmo matemático desenvolvido para a pesquisa: pressões de pico (Ppico), de platô (Pplatô), média máxima (Pmédia) e segundo a área (Párea). Foi empregada a estatística descritiva para caracterização da amostra, seguida por ANOVA para medidas repetidas e teste post hoc de Bonferroni ou teste de Friedman e teste post hoc de Wilcoxon, assim como correlações de Pearson ou Spearman, segundo a normalidade dos dados. A concordância entre as variáveis foi avaliada pelo método gráfico de Bland & Altman. Resultados: Houve diferenças significativas entre todos os parâmetros, tanto para PImáx (Ppico = 95,69 ± 27,89 cmH 2 O; Párea = 88,53 ± 26,45 cmH 2 O; Pplatô = 82,48 ± 25,11 cmH 2 O; Pmédia = 89,01 ± 26,41 cmH 2 O; p < 0,05 entre todos) quanto para PEmáx (Ppico = 109,98 ± 40,67 cmH 2 O; Párea = 103,85 ± 36,63 cmH 2 O; Pplatô = 98,93 ± 32,10 cmH 2 O; Pmédia = 104,43 ± 36,74 cmH 2 O; p < 0,0083 entre todos). Houve baixa concordância entre a maior parte das medidas, sendo as diferenças entre os parâmetros maiores quanto mais elevados os valores pressóricos considerados. Conclusões: Os parâmetros avaliados não são intercambiáveis, sendo as diferenças entre eles maiores à medida que valores pressóricos mais elevados são atingidos. for MIP and MEP measurements. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate four parameters defining maximal respiratory pressures and to evaluate the correlations and agreements among those parameters for the determination of MIP and MEP.
RESUMOIntrodução: redução na força e na velocidade da contração muscular são duas das maiores causas de debilidade funcional em idosos. Objetivo: analisar as mudanças relacionadas à idade no desenvolvimento temporal da força de preensão manual e dos extensores do joelho em mulheres. Métodos: a amostra foi constituída por 52 mulheres subdivididas em três grupos (JO. n=24, 25,2±3,7 anos; MI. n=13, 58±4,2 anos; ID. n=15, 71,3±3,9 anos). Os testes realizados foram o de preensão manual e o de extensão do joelho. Foram executadas três tentativas de esforço isométrico máximo em cada teste, e a curva com o valor máximo de força foi selecionada para análise por meio de um algoritmo desenvolvido em linguagem Matlab ® . A massa livre de gordura (MLG) foi avaliada por meio da absortometria radiológica de dupla energia. Resultados: foram observados entre os grupos valores semelhantes de força (p=0,831) e MLG do membro superior (p=0,207). A taxa de desenvolvimento da força (TDF) foi menor nos intervalos iniciais da contração muscular (0-50 e 0-100ms) nos grupos MI (p=0,005 e p=0,000, para 50ms e 100ms, respectivamente) e ID (p=0,003 e p=0,000, para 50ms e 100ms, respectivamente). A MLG e a força do membro inferior foram menores nos grupos MI (p=0,006, p=0,014, respectivamente) e ID (p<0,000, p=0,000, respectivamente) em comparação ao JO. Já a TDF dos extensores do joelho foi semelhante no grupo MI (p>0,05), porém, menor no grupo ID (p<0,05) em comparação ao JO, em todos os intervalos analisados. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os grupos musculares dos membros superiores e inferiores possam ser afetados em diferentes magnitudes pelo envelhecimento. As diferenças entre os membros podem estar relacionadas à quantidade e qualidade das atividades físicas realizadas.Palavras-chave: envelhecimento, força muscular, força da mão. (JO. n=24, 25.2±3.7 years; MI. n=13, 58±4.2 years; ID. n=15, 71.3±3.9 years). Tests of handgrip and knee extension were performed. Three attempts of maximum isometric effort were performed in each test, and the curve with the maximum strength value was selected for analysis by means of an algorithm developed using MATLAB
Objective/BackgroundOccupational therapists usually assess hand function through standardised tests, however, there is no consensus on how the scores assigned to hand dexterity can accurately measure hand function required for daily activities and few studies evaluate the movement patterns of the upper limbs during hand function tests. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in muscle activation patterns during the performance of three hand dexterity tests.MethodsTwenty university students underwent a surface electromyographic (sEMG) assessment of eight upper limb muscles during the performance of the box and blocks test (BEST), nine-hole peg test (9HPT), and functional dexterity test (FDT). The description and comparison of each muscle activity during the test performance, gender differences, and the correlation between individual muscles’ sEMG activity were analysed through appropriate statistics.ResultsIncreased activity of proximal muscles was found during the performance of BEST (p < .001). While a higher activation of the distal muscles occurred during the FDT and 9HPT performance, no differences were found between them. Comparisons of the sEMG activity revealed a significant increase in the muscle activation among women (p = .05). Strong and positive correlations (r > .5; p < .05) were observed between proximal and distal sEMG activities, suggesting a coordinate pattern of muscle activation during hand function tests.ConclusionThe results suggested the existence of differences in the muscle activation pattern during the performance of hand function evaluations. Occupational therapists should be aware of unique muscle requirements and its impact on the results of dexterity tests during hand function evaluation.
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