Background: Leishmaniasis, considered by the World Health Organization as one of the most important tropical diseases, is endemic in the Mediterranean Basin. The aim of this study was to evaluate epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cutaneous (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in

Bacteria use bicarbonate as substrate for crucial metabolic reactions. We report the first case of bacteremia by capnophilic E. coli without the YadF gene (also known as CynT2 or Can2) that needs high concentrations of CO to non-enzymatically produce bicarbonate. This lack may also apply to previously reported capnophilic Enterobacteriaceae.

Chagas disease is, among others, considered a neglected tropical disease. Given the magnitude of the human movements that have occurred in recent years from Central and South America to other countries, Chagas should now be considered a disease of worldwide distribution, in which the transmission of the parasite is restricted to transplacental transmission or blood or organ donations from infected people. Parasite detection in chronically ill patients is restricted to serological tests that only determine previous contact and not the presence of the parasite, especially in those patients undergoing treatment evaluation or in newborns. In this study, we evaluate the use of nucleic acids from both circulating serum exovesicles and cell-free DNA cfDNA from 448 serum samples from immunologically diagnosed chronic chagasic patients, which were re-evaluated by nested PCR on the amplicons resulting from amplification with kDNA-specific primers 121F, 122R. Of the total number of samples selected, 50 were used to isolate and purify exovesicles from circulating serum and cell-free DNA (cfDNA). When the nucleic acids thus purified were assayed as a template and amplified with primers 121F-122R and SAT, a percentage positivity of 100% was obtained for all positive samples assayed with the kDNA-specific primers and 96% when SAT primers were used. However, isolation of cfDNA for T. cruzi and amplification with SAT primers also showed 100% positivity. Hence, both samples can be used in those cases where it is necessary to demonstrate the active presence of the parasite.

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