Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a serious complication of group A Streptococcus infection with a high mortality rate. Rapid detection, early intensive care support, and surgical management are paramount in treating these patients.We present a case of a 65-year-old male, with a documented medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and peripheral arterial disease. The patient was evaluated in the emergency department with a chief complaint of pain, swelling in his left leg, and fever. Physical examination showed tachycardia, hypotension, and clear inflammatory signs in the left leg. After initial clinical and laboratory evaluation, the patient was admitted with a diagnosis of cellulitis and urinary tract infection. He presented progressive worsening with multi-organ dysfunction, requiring vasopressor support, invasive mechanical ventilation, and renal replacement therapy.Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in blood cultures, and a streptococcal toxic shock syndrome was considered. Appropriate antibiotic therapy, immunoglobulins, hemoperfusion, and corticosteroid therapy were administered, with clinical improvement. During hospitalization, there was a progressive improvement in the skin lesion. Once clinically stabilized the patient was discharged with follow-up.The case presented shows the rapid evolution of cutaneous streptococcal infection with multiorgan dysfunction. Although these types of infections have an associated high mortality rate, this patient survived. The use of immunoglobulin and hemoperfusion technique, in this case, might have contributed to this positive outcome. Therefore, we highlight the need for high suspicion of this syndrome, especially in diabetic patients presenting with skin lesions. Once the diagnosis is established, these infections require close surveillance and rapid and intensive treatment.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia can be caused by infections, lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, or triggered by drugs or toxins. We present the case of a 92-year-old man admitted with gastrointestinal symptoms. He presented with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The etiologic study was negative for autoimmune conditions or solid masses. Viral serologies were negative, and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was positive. The patient began treatment with corticoid, with resulted in cessation of hemolysis and improvement of the anemia. A few cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia have been reported in COVID-19 patients. In this case, the infection seems to coincide with the hemolysis period, and we found no other cause for this event. So, we highlight the need to search for SARS-CoV-2 as a possible infective cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Para que um estudo seja bem-sucedido, uma parte importante é a escolha do desenho do estudo que se deve utilizar para responder à pergunta de investigação. Dele dependerá o tipo de análise de dados e as conclusões, assim como a validade interna e externa do trabalho. Frequentemente, menciona-se que os estudos são prospetivos ou retrospetivos, mas, atualmente, esses termos deveriam ser apenas utilizados para indicar a forma como foi realizada a colheita dos dados. O presente trabalho pretende descrever os desenhos de estudos de uma forma concreta e concisa, permitindo uma visão mais além do prospetivo e retrospetivo.