In this work, the formability behavior of Interstitial-Free (IF) steel sheet, grade DC07 with 0.65 mm of nominal thickness, was evaluated by means of both linear and bi-linear strain-paths to define the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) at the onset of necking according to ASTM E22182 standard. In the first strain-path, flat-bottomed punch with 200 mm diameter and 10 mm corner die radius was adopted together with counter-blanks of an IF steel sheet grade DC07 with 0.80 mm nominal thickness in order to yield two equal amounts of plastic work under uniaxial tension and under equibiaxial stretching strain-paths. Afterwards, Nakajima’s 100 mm hemispherical punch stretching procedure and bulge tests were adopted to determine the FLC of both as-received and strained DC07 blanks with the help of an automated digital image correlation system to define the linear and bi-linear limit strains. Increasing the straining level (5 and 10%) of the first strain-path in uniaxial tension improved the limit strains of the DC07 steel sheet between the plane-strain intercept (FLC0) and the biaxial stretching region of the FLC. On the other hand, blanks which were firstly pre-strained in equibiaxial stretching mode (4.8 and 9%) provided better formability in the FLC drawing region and reduced limit strains in plane-strain and biaxial stretching regions.
ResumoA necessidade de redução de espessura de componentes automotivos para atender a demanda por veículos mais leves, aliada ao aumento da complexidade geométrica das peças, tem exigido a utilização de aços de maior resistência e com boa conformabilidade. No entanto, a baixa capacidade de flangeamento dos aços de alta resistência limita a aplicação destes materiais em peças de geometrias mais complexas. O método de corte dos blanks tem influência decisiva na capacidade de flangeamento desses aços, que é avaliada em laboratório por ensaios de expansão de furo. Foi avaliado o efeito da folga de corte por cisalhamento e da qualidade da superfície de bordas puncionadas na capacidade de expansão de furo de aços Interstitial Free, High Strength Low Alloy e Dual Phase. Os resultados indicaram que para o aço IF, folgas entre 10% e 20% da espessura e que propiciaram bordas de corte dos tipos 2 e 3, segundo a classificação do ASM Handbook, foram as que geraram maior expansão de furo. A maximização da flangeabilidade foi conseguida para as folgas de corte de aproximadamente 15% (bordas de corte tipos 3 e 4) para os aços DP e em torno de 20% (bordas tipos 2 e 3) para os aços HSLA. Palavras-chave: Flangeamento; Expansão de furo; Borda de corte. EVALUATION OF THE SHEAR CUTTING EFFECT IN STRETCH FLANGEABILITY OF IF, HSLA AND DUAL PHASE STEELS AbstractThe necessity to reduce the thickness of automotive components to meet the demand for lighter vehicles, combined with the increase of the geometric complexity of the stamping parts, has required the use of higher strength steels with good formability. However, the lower stretch flangeability of the high strength steels limits the application of these materials in parts of more complex geometries. The method of cutting blanks has decisive influence on the ability to stretch the cut edges, which is measured at laboratory by hole expansion tests. The effect of cutting clearence and of punching edges quality surface on the hole expansion capacity of different steels, Interstitial Free, High Strength Low Alloy and Dual Phase was evaluated. The results indicated that the IF steel, with clearances between 10% and 20% of the thickness and that provided cutting edges of the types 2 and 3 according to the ASM Handbook classification, were those which produced the higher hole expansion capacity. The maximization of flangeability was achieved in clearences of approximately 15% (cutting edges types 3 and 4) for the DP steels and around 20% (edge types 2 and 3) for HSLA steels.
ResumoO presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar a independência tanto da Curva Limite de Tensão (CLT), quanto da Curva Limite de Deformação Plástica Efetiva (CLDPE) em relação à trajetória de deformação. Para tal, foram utilizadas Curvas Limite de Conformação (CLC) de aço livre de intersticiais (Interstitial Free -IF), determinadas, primeiramente, por meio de trajetórias lineares e, posteriormente, por trajetórias bilineares estabelecidas por níveis de pré-deformação nos modos de tração uniaxial e estiramento biaxial simétrico. As previsões da CLT e da CLDPE, calculadas a partir das deformações limites da CLC convencional em trajetórias lineares e bi-lineares, mostraram-se independentes em relação à trajetória de deformação. Entretanto, verificou-se que o critério de escoamento adotado tem grande influência na forma e posição destas curvas limites. Palavras-chave: Curva limite de conformação; Curva limite de tensão; Curva limite de deformação plástica efetiva; Interstitial free. STRAIN-PATH INDEPENDENT FORMING LIMIT CURVE: DESCRIPTIONS IN STRESS AND IN STRAIN SPACES AbstractThe present study aimed to validate the independence of both Forming Limit Stress (FLS) and Effective Plastic-Strain Limit Curve (EPSLC) in relation to the strain-path. For this purpose, Forming Limit Curve (FLC) tests were performed on an Interstitial Free steel (IF), firstly by means of linear strain-paths and, secondly, by bi-linear strain paths under uniaxial tension and equibiaxial stretching modes. The FLS and EPSLC predictions, calculated from strain limits of the conventional FLC in linear and bilinear paths, showed a strain-path independence. However, it was verified a strong influence yield criterion of the adopted upon the shape and position of these curves.
ResumoA Usiminas, maior siderúrgica latino-americana fornecedora de aços planos, tem dedicado grandes esforços para oferecer materiais mais adequados para as diferentes demandas do mercado, desenvolvendo novos tipos de aços para utilização em carrocerias veiculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o comportamento de dois produtos Usiminas, o aço DP780 galvanizado por imersão a quente e o aço TRIP780 eletrogalvanizado, ambos com espessura de 1,50 mm, revestimento zinco puro e camada de 50 g/m² por face, com base em análises metalográficas, ensaios de tração, ensaios de estampagem e ensaios Bake Hardening (BH) e Aging Index (AI). Os resultados destas avaliações mostraram que os aços TRIP780 e DP780 tiveram performances excelentes em todos os modos de estampagem avaliados, além de boa capacidade de endurecimento após pintura (efeito BH). Tratam-se, portanto, de boas opções para aplicação em peças da carroceria, principalmente em componentes que requeiram elevada resistência mecânica. Palavras-chave: DP780; TRIP780; Caracterização metalúrgica; Ensaios de estampagem. FORMABILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ELECTROGALVANIZED TRIP780 AND A HOT DIP GALVANIZED DP780 STEELS AbstractThe Usiminas, largest Latin American steel supplier of flat steel, has dedicated great efforts for different demands of the market, investing in production facilities and developing new steels for use in vehicle's body. The present study has the objective to evaluate the metallurgical behavior of high-strength steels, DP780 hot dip galvanized and TRIP780 electrogalvanized, based on their mechanical properties, metallographic constitution, formability, hole expansion, bake hardening and aging index. The tests results showed that TRIP780 and DP780 steels have positive performances in all stamping modes evaluated, and good bake hardening effect, which can provide a higher mechanical property of the final manufactured components.
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