BackgroundNo comprehensive study currently exists on the supply of ophthalmologists across Latin America. We explored sociogeographic inequalities in the availability and distribution of ophthalmologists across 14 Latin American countries.MethodsThe National Ophthalmologic Societies of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela provided data on affiliated ophthalmologists by first-order subnational divisions in 2013. Human Development Index (HDI) estimates at the corresponding subnational division were used as equity stratifiers. Distributional inequality of ophthalmologists within each country was assessed by the health concentration index (HCI) and the index of dissimilarity (ID), along with the mean level of ophthalmologists per population.ResultsAcross all countries studied, there were 5.2 ophthalmologists per 100 000 population on average (95% CI 5.0 to 5.4) in 2013, with a mean HCI of 0.26 (0.16 to 0.37) and a mean relative ID of 22.7% (20.9% to 24.7%). There was wide inequality in ophthalmologist availability between countries, ranging from 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) in Ecuador to 8.6 (8.5 to 8.8) in Brazil. All countries had positive (ie, pro-rich) HCI values ranging from 0.68 (0.66 to 0.71) in Guatemala to 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) in Venezuela. Correspondingly, redistributive potential to achieve equity was closest in Venezuela (ID: 1.5%) and farthest in Guatemala (ID: 60.3%). Benchmarked against regional averages, most countries had a lower availability of ophthalmologists and higher relative inequality.ConclusionsThere is high inequality in the level and distribution of ophthalmologists between and within countries in Latin America, with a disproportionate number concentrated in more developed, socially advantaged areas. More equitable access to ophthalmologists could be achieved by implementing incentivised human resources redistribution programmes and by improving the social determinants of health in underserved areas.
Desde el año 2001 está abierto en el Perú el debate sobre qué hacer con la televisión. Como era sospechado por algunos y ha sido ahora comprobado por todos a través de los tristemente célebres "vladivideos", los empresarios de la televisión peruana convirtieron a cambio de dinero y de favores este "servicio privado de interés públi-co", cuya autorización y licencia les fue otorgada por el Estado, en un servicio "particularísimo" de Vladimiro Montesinos Torres, el asesor actualmente preso, quien lo utilizó con el fin de perpetuar en el poder a Alberto Fujimori Fujimori, el ex presidente prófugo.A la luz de estos hechos, sin parangón en la historia de la televisión mundial, al menos durante gobiernos formalmente democráticos, se ha desatado una intensa polémica jurídica, que incluye entre otras cuestiones la pregunta de si el Ministerio a cargo de la supervisión del servicio de televisión tiene facultades administrativas para revocar las autorizaciones de las empresas operadoras, como consecuencia de lo que hicieron algunos de sus propietarios y representantes legales. Al respecto hay que señalar que aunque las encuestas revelan que casi la totalidad del país pide una sanción contra las titulares de las licencias, las autoridades aún continúan estudiando si van a optar por apagar la señal de los principales canales de entretenimiento de la población, pues ello constituiría un hecho sin precedentes en nuestra historia.
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