Adolescent atau remaja merupakan periode kritis peralihan dari anak menjadi dewasa. Pada remaja terjadiperubahan hormonal, fisik, psikologis maupun sosial yang berlangsung secara sekuensial. Pada anakperempuan awitan pubertas terjadi pada usia 8 tahun sedangkan anak laki-laki terjadi pada usia 9 tahun.Faktor genetik, nutrisi, dan faktor lingkungan lainnya dianggap berperan dalam awitan pubertas. Perubahanfisik yang terjadi pada periode pubertas ini juga diikuti oleh maturasi emosi dan psikis. Secara psikososial,pertumbuhan pada masa remaja (adolescent) dibagi dalam 3 tahap yaitu early, middle, dan late adolescent.Masing-masing tahapan memiliki karakteristik tersendiri. Segala sesuatu yang mengganggu proses maturasifisik dan hormonal pada masa remaja ini dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan psikis dan emosi sehinggadiperlukan pemahaman yang baik tentang proses perubahan yang terjadi pada remaja dari segala aspek.

Background WHO documents characterize stunting as, "…impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation." The equation of stunting with malnutrition is common. This contrasts with historic and modern observations indicating that growth in height is largely independent of the extent and nature of the diet. Subjects We measured 1716 Indonesian children, aged 6.0-13.2 years, from urban Kupang/West-Timor and rural Soe/West-Timor, urban Ubud/Bali, and rural Marbau/North Sumatra. We clinically assessed signs of malnutrition and skin infections. Results There was no relevant correlation between nutritional status (indicated by skinfold thickness) and height SDS (hSDS). 53% of boys, and 46% girls in rural Soe were short and thin, with no meaningful association between mean of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (x ̅ SF) and height. Skinfold thickness was close to German values. Shortest and tallest children did not differ relevantly in skinfold thickness. The same applied for the association between hSDS and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) using linear mixed effects models with both fixed and random effects. 35.6% boys and 29.2% girls in urban Ubud were overweight; 21.4% boys and 12.4% girls obese, but with hSDS =-0.3, still short. Relevant associations between hSDS and x ̅ SF and MUAC were only found among the overweight urban children confirming that growth is accelerated in overweight and obese children. There were no visible clinical signs of malnutrition in the stunted children. Conclusion The present data seriously question the concept of stunting as prima facie evidence of malnutrition and chronic infection.

Vitamin D insufficiency and its contributing factors in primary school-aged children inIndonesia, a sun-rich country Running title: Vitamin D insufficiency in primary school-aged children in Indonesia